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This study acquired publicly available Shell annual reports. Reports were selected for the years since the UN investigation in 2011, resulting in documents from 2012 to 2023.

The text file contains the original aligned DNA nucleotide sequence data used in the phylogenetic analyses of Feng et al. (in review), comprising the 3 protein-coding genes (histone H3, cytochrome oxidase I and 2) and 2 ribosomal genes (28S D8 and 16S). The text file is marked up according to the standard NEXUS format commonly used by various phylogenetic analysis software packages. The file will be parsed automatically by a variety of programs that recognize NEXUS as a standard bioinformatics file format. The first six lines of the file identify the file as NEXUS, indicate that the file contains data for 257 taxa (species) and 2995 characters (nucleotide positions), indicate that the characters are DNA sequence, that gaps inserted into the DNA sequence alignment are indicated by a dash, and that missing data are indicated by a question mark. The remainder of the file contains the aligned nucleotide sequence data for the five genes. Data partitions, representing the individual genes and different codon positions of the protein-coding genes, are indicated by the lines beginning "charset" near the end of the file. Two supplementary tables in the provided PDF file provide additional information on the species in the dataset, including the GenBank accession numbers for the sequence data (Table S1) and the DNA substitution models used for each of the data partitions used for analyses in the phylogenetic analysis program IQ-Tree (version 1.6.8) (Table S3), as described in the Methods section of the paper. The supplemental tables will also be linked to the article upon publication at the journal website.

In a novel approach, metabolically engineered sugarcane “Oilcane” has been investigated for fractionation of lipid and cellulose-rich pulp, using certain Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The exploration of eco-friendly solvents are at the forefront of harnessing the biofuel potential of modern bioenergy crops. For this, six combinations of NADES were prepared using choline chloride (ChCl) as HBA and lactic acid (LA), oxalic acid (OA) and glycerol (Gly) as HBD and were further explored for pretreatment of oilcane bagasse in a molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. The impact of NADES ratio, biomass loading (10–50%), residence time (1–2 h), and temperature (90–140 °C) were evaluated for delignification, lipid content, sugar release after enzymatic hydrolysis. The finding demonstrated that under the optimal condition of ChCl: LA (1:2 molar ratio), 140 °C with 2 h retention time, the lipid content in the pre-treated substrate was increased to 2.5-fold (∼8% w/w) and > 80% glucose yield was achieved after 72 h of hydrolysis of pre-treated bagasse. High solid loading (∼50%) during pretreatment resulted in a similar glucose yield. Furthermore, recycling studies demonstrated that nearly 95 to 98% NADES could be recycled after each pretreatment for up to five consecutive cycles without any significant loss in chemical structure as confirmed by 1H NMR and FT IR. FT IR and XRD analyses of native and pre-treated biomass were performed to visualize the morphological changes during NADES pretreatment and their impact on sugar yield. The findings of the study may be used to establish NADES-based biorefinery for the valorization of lipids, and carbohydrates for fuels and chemicals production.

Xylan accounts for up to 40% of the structural carbohydrates in lignocellulosic feedstocks. Along with xylan, acetic acid in sources of hemicellulose can be recovered and marketed as a commodity chemical. Through vibrant bioprocessing innovations, converting xylose and acetic acid into high-value bioproducts via microbial cultures improves the feasibility of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Enzymatic hydrolysis using xylanase supplemented with acetylxylan esterase (AXE) was applied to prepare xylose-acetic acid enriched hydrolysates from bioenergy sorghum, oilcane, or energycane using sequential hydrothermal-mechanical pretreatment. Various biomass solids contents (15 to 25%, w/v) and xylanase loadings (140 to 280 FXU/g biomass) were tested to maximize xylose and acetic acid titers. The xylose and acetic acid yields were significantly improved by supplementing with AXE. The optimal yields of xylose and acetic acid were 92.29% and 62.26% obtained from hydrolyzing energycane and oilcane at 25% and 15% w/v biomass solids using 280 FXU xylanase/g biomass and AXE, respectively.

The nonconventional yeast Issatchenkia orientalis can grow under highly acidic conditions and has been explored for production of various organic acids. However, its broader application is hampered by the lack of efficient genetic tools to enable sophisticated metabolic manipulations. We recently constructed an episomal plasmid based on the autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScARS) in I. orientalis and developed a CRISPR/Cas9 system for multiplexed gene deletions. Here we report three additional genetic tools including: (1) identification of a 0.8 kb centromere-like (CEN-L) sequence from the I. orientalis genome by using bioinformatics and functional screening; (2) discovery and characterization of a set of constitutive promoters and terminators under different culture conditions by using RNA-Seq analysis and a fluorescent reporter; and (3) development of a rapid and efficient in vivo DNA assembly method in I. orientalis, which exhibited ~100% fidelity when assembling a 7 kb-plasmid from seven DNA fragments ranging from 0.7 kb to 1.7 kb. As proof of concept, we used these genetic tools to rapidly construct a functional xylose utilization pathway in I. orientalis.

There is a growing interest in developing cooperative chemoenzymatic reactions to harness the reactivity of chemical catalysts and the selectivity of enzymes for the synthesis of nonracemic chiral compounds. However, existing chemoenzymatic systems with more than one chemical reaction and one enzymatic reaction working cooperatively are rare. Moreover, the application of oxidoreductases in cooperative chemoenzymatic reactions is limited by the necessity of using expensive and unstable redox equivalents such as nicotinamide cofactors. Here, we report a light-driven cooperative chemoenzymatic system comprised of a photoinduced electron transfer reaction (PET) and a photosensitized energy transfer reaction (PEnT) with an enzymatic reduction in one-pot to synthesize chiral building blocks of bioactive compounds. As a proof of concept, ene-reductase was directly regenerated by PET in the absence of external cofactors. Meanwhile, enzymatic reduction worked cooperatively with photocatalyst-catalyzed energy transfer that continuously replenished the reactive isomer from the less reactive one. The whole system stereoconvergently reduced E/Z mixtures of alkenes to the enantiopure products. Additionally, enantioselective enzymatic reduction worked competitively with photocatalyst-catalyzed racemic background reaction and side reactions to channel the overall electron flow to the single enantiopure product. Such a light-driven cooperative chemoenzymatic system holds great potential for asymmetric synthesis using inexpensive petroleum or biomass-derived alkenes.

The photosynthetic capacity or the CO2-saturated photosynthetic rate (Vmax), chlorophyll, and nitrogen are closely linked leaf traits that determine C4 crop photosynthesis and yield. Accurate, timely, rapid, and non-destructive approaches to predict leaf photosynthetic traits from hyperspectral reflectance are urgently needed for high-throughput crop monitoring to ensure food and bioenergy security. Therefore, this study thoroughly evaluated the state-of-the-art physically based radiative transfer models (RTMs), data-driven partial least squares regression (PLSR), and generalized PLSR (gPLSR) models to estimate leaf traits from leaf-clip hyperspectral reflectance, which was collected from maize (Zea mays L.) bioenergy plots with diverse genotypes, growth stages, treatments with nitrogen fertilizers, and ozone stresses in three growing seasons. The results show that leaf RTMs considering bidirectional effects can give accurate estimates of chlorophyll content (Pearson correlation r=0.95), while gPLSR enabled retrieval of leaf nitrogen concentration (r=0.85). Using PLSR with field measurements for training, the cross-validation indicates that Vmax can be well predicted from spectra (r=0.81). The integration of chlorophyll content (strongly related to visible spectra) and nitrogen concentration (linked to shortwave infrared signals) can provide better predictions of Vmax (r=0.71) than only using either chlorophyll or nitrogen individually. This study highlights that leaf chlorophyll content and nitrogen concentration have key and unique contributions to Vmax prediction.

These data were used in the survival and cause-specific mortality analyses of translocated nuisance American black bear in Wisconsin published in Animal Conservation (Bauder, J.M., N.M. Roberts, D. Ruid, B. Kohn, and M.L. Allen. Accepted. Lower survival of nuisance American black bears (Ursus americanus) is not due to translocation. Animal Conservation). Included are CSV files including each bear's capture history and associated covariates and meta-data for each CSV file. Also included is an example R script of how to conduct the analyses (this R script is also included as supporting information with the published paper).

The PhytoplasmasRef_Trivellone_etal.fas fasta file contains the original final sequence alignment used in the phylogenetic analyses of Trivellone et al. (Ecology and Evolution, in review). The 27 sequences (21 phytoplasma reference strains and 6 phytoplasmas strains from the present study) were aligned using the Muscle algorithm as implemented in MEGA 7.0 with default settings. The final dataset contains 952 positions of the F2n/R2 fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. The data analyses are further described in the cited original paper.

Sugar alcohols are commonly used as low-calorie sweeteners and can serve as potential building blocks for bio-based chemicals. Previous work has shown that the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides IFO0880 can natively produce arabitol from xylose at relatively high titers, suggesting that it may be a useful host for sugar alcohol production. In this work, we explored whether R. toruloides can produce additional sugar alcohols. Rhodosporidium toruloides is able to produce galactitol from galactose. During growth in nitrogen-rich medium, R. toruloides produced 3.2 ± 0.6 g/L, and 8.4 ± 0.8 g/L galactitol from 20 to 40 g/L galactose, respectively. In addition, R. toruloides was able to produce galactitol from galactose at reduced titers during growth in nitrogen-poor medium, which also induces lipid production. These results suggest that R. toruloides can potentially be used for the co-production of lipids and galactitol from galactose. We further characterized the mechanism for galactitol production, including identifying and biochemically characterizing the critical aldose reductase. Intracellular metabolite analysis was also performed to further understand galactose metabolism. Rhodosporidium toruloides has traditionally been used for the production of lipids and lipid-based chemicals. Our work demonstrates that R. toruloides can also produce galactitol, which can be used to produce polymers with applications in medicine and as a precursor for anti-cancer drugs. Collectively, our results further establish that R. toruloides can produce multiple value-added chemicals from a wide range of sugars.

These are abundance dynamics data and simulations for the paper "Higher-order interaction between species inhibits bacterial invasion of a phototroph-predator microbial community". In this V2, data were converted in Python, in addition to MATLAB and more information on how to work with the data was included in the Readme.

This dataset includes structural MRI head scans of 32 piglets, at 28 days of age, scanned at the University of Illinois. The dataset also includes manually drawn brain masks of each of the piglets. The dataset also includes brain masks that were generated automatically using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN), trained on the manually drawn brain masks.

This data set describes temperature, dissolved oxygen, and secchi depth in 1-m interval profiles in the deepest point in 10 Illinois reservoirs between the years 1995 and 2016.

These data and code are associated with a study on differences in the rate of hatching failure of eggs across 14 free-living grassland and shrubland birds. We used a device to measure the embryonic heart rate of eggs and found there was variation across species related to factors such as nest type and nest safety. This work is to be published in Ornithology.

This dataset contains the images of a photoperiod sensitive sorghum accession population used for a GWAS/TWAS study of leaf traits related to water use efficiency in 2016 and 2017. *<b>Note:</b> new in this second version is that JPG images outputted from the nms files were added <b>Accessions_2016.zip</b> and <b>Accessions_2017.zip</b>: contain raw images produced by Optical Topometer (nms files) for all sorghum accessions. Images can be opened with Nanofocus μsurf analysis extended software (Oberhausen,Germany). <b>Accessions_2016_jpg.zip</b> and <b>Accessions_2017_jpg.zip</b>: contain jpg images outputted from the nms files and used in the machine learning phenotyping.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance data from Illinois and Wisconsin, USA between the fiscal years 2003 and 2022 (calendar years 2002 and 2021). Data is reported at the township level as defined by the US Public Survey System. CWD cases, animals tested for CWD, and the apparent prevalence calculated from these values are given by township and fiscal year. Data has been anonymized by replacing original township names with identification numbers to maintain the privacy of landowners. Variables include Tests, Cases, and nonlinear transformations of Tests and Cases (inverse, square root, and log transformations).

Ethanol and lactate are typical waste products of glucose fermentation. In mammals, glucose is catabolized by glycolysis into circulating lactate, which is broadly used throughout the body as a carbohydrate fuel. Individual cells can both uptake and excrete lactate, uncoupling glycolysis from glucose oxidation. Here we show that similar uncoupling occurs in budding yeast batch cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Issatchenkia orientalis. Even in fermenting S. cerevisiae that is net releasing ethanol, media 13C-ethanol rapidly enters and is oxidized to acetaldehyde and acetyl-CoA. This is evident in exogenous ethanol being a major source of both cytosolic and mitochondrial acetyl units. 2H-tracing reveals that ethanol is also a major source of both NADH and NADPH high-energy electrons, and this role is augmented under oxidative stress conditions. Thus, uncoupling of glycolysis from the oxidation of glucose-derived carbon via rapidly reversible reactions is a conserved feature of eukaryotic metabolism.

Gigatonne-scale atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR), alongside deep emission cuts, is critical to stabilizing the climate. However, some of the most scalable CDR technologies are also the most land intensive. Here, we examine whether adequate land resources exist in the contiguous United States to meet CDR targets when prioritizing grid emissions reduction, food production, and the protection of sensitive ecosystems. We focus on biomass carbon removal and storage (BiCRS) and direct air capture and storage (DACS) and show that suitable lands exceed the expected needs: 37.6 million hectares of land are available for BiCRS, resulting in 0.26 GtCO2 of CDR/year, and 34 million hectares are suitable for wind- and solar-powered DACS, resulting in 4.8 GtCO2 of CDR/year if facilities are co-located with geologic CO2 storage. We identify biomass and energy supply hotspots to meet CDR targets while ensuring land protection and minimizing land competition.

This dataset contains 1) the cleaned version of 11 CRW datasets, 2) RNASim10k dataset in high fragmentation and 3) three CRW datasets (16S.3, 16S.T, 16S.B.ALL) in high fragmentation.

This dataset includes the RT-PCR results, RT-LAMP results, and the minutes to positive ROC curve calculations. This dataset includes data for the synthetic gBlock, cell culture, and clinical sample assays (nasal swabs and nasal wipes). Also included is a list of FDA approved point of care tests for influenza A virus to date (2-16-2024). MIQE guidelines are also included.

This dataset includes the RT-PCR shedding data and primers used for whole genome sequencing of Influenza A virus in swine. It also includes the GenBank accession numbers for all segments generated by Influenza A virus sequencing from nasal swab samples. Additionally, all nucleotide changes are listed by sample.

DNAzymes have been widely used in many sensing and imaging applications but have rarely been used for genetic engineering since their discovery in 1994, because their substrate scope is mostly limited to single-stranded DNA or RNA, whereas genetic information is stored mostly in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). To overcome this major limitation, we herein report peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-assisted double-stranded DNA nicking by DNAzymes (PANDA) as the first example to expand DNAzyme activity toward dsDNA. We show that PANDA is programmable in efficiently nicking or causing double strand breaks on target dsDNA, which mimics protein nucleases and can act as restriction enzymes in molecular cloning. In addition to being much smaller than protein enzymes, PANDA has a higher sequence fidelity compared with CRISPR/Cas under the condition we tested, demonstrating its potential as a novel alternative tool for genetic engineering and other biochemical applications.

This is a peptide imaging data obtained by mtarix assisted laser desoption ionization trapped ion mobility datasets from the central nervous sytem and select ganglion of aplysia Californica.

This dataset measurements for the following soil components from soil samples collected in northern Illinois between 2023 and 2024. Two file formats containing the same data are offered (Excel spreadsheet and CSV): 1. Soil clay minerals (illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and smectite) 2. pH 3. Other soil minerals: aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron aluminide (Bal), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chloride (Cl), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nobium (Nb), nickel (Ni), potassium (K), phosphorous (P), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), rubidium (Rb), silver (Ag), sulfur (S), thorium (Th), titanium (Ti), uranium (U), vanadium (V), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr) Samples were collected on the side of public roads within the right of way. X-ray diffraction was used to quantify soil clay components, while other soil minerals were measured using a Niton XL5 Plus Analyzer. pH was measured using a Yinmik YK-S01 Digital Soil pH Tester. Samples were collected as part of a project funded by the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) to examine the role of soil characteristics on chronic wasting disease (CWD) persistence in northern Illinois, USA.

Plant oils are increasingly in demand as renewable feedstocks for biodiesel and biochemicals. Currently, oilseeds are the primary source of plant oils. Although the vegetative tissues of plants express lipid metabolism pathways, they do not hyper-accumulate lipids. Elevated synthesis, storage, and accumulation of lipids in vegetative tissues have been achieved by metabolic engineering of sugarcane to produce “oilcane.” This study evaluates the potential of oilcane as a renewable feedstock for the co-production of lipids and fermentable sugars. Oilcane was grown under favorable climatic and field conditions in Florida (FLOC) as well as during an abbreviated growing season, outside its typical growing region, in Illinois (ILOC). The potential lipid yield of 0.35 tons/ha was projected from the hyperaccumulation of fatty acids in the stored vegetative biomass of FLOC, which is approaching the lipid yield of soybean (0.44 tons/ha). Processing of the vegetative tissues of oilcane recovered 0.20 tons/ha, which represents the recovery of 55% of the total lipids from FLOC. Chemical-free hydrothermal bioprocessing of ILOC and FLOC bagasse and leaves at 180 °C for 10 min prevented the degeneration of in situ plant lipids. This allowed the recovery of lipids at the end of the bioprocess with a major fraction of lipids remaining in the biomass residues after pretreatment and saccharification. Improvements through refined biomass processing, crop management, and metabolic engineering are expected to boost lipid yields and make oilcane a prime feedstock for the production of biodiesel.