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Accurate modeling of photosynthesis is crucial for predicting crop productivity and quantifying the carbon cycle in agroecosystems. Leaf traits are essential inputs for modeling canopy photosynthesis. Yet, many existing models still use fixed plant functional type (PTF)-based values to parameterize leaf traits under a big-leaf or two-big-leaf assumption, neglecting their vertical profiles and seasonal changes. This simplification may introduce significant uncertainties in estimating gross primary productivity (GPP). In this study, we simulated soybean GPP and tested the effects of vertical and seasonal variation in three key leaf photosynthetic traits: the maximum carboxylation rate at 25 °C (Vcmax25), leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), and leaf mass per area (LMA) in the 1D-SCOPE and 3D-Helios models. Weekly field measurements were conducted during the growing season of 2024 to support the simulation. We designed ten leaf trait parameterization schemes by incorporating different combinations of vertical profiles and seasonal changes, while assuming homogeneous canopy architecture in both models. Our results revealed that Vcmax25 vertical and seasonal variation had the strongest influence on simulated GPP in both 1D and 3D models, while LCC and LMA effects were minimal. Particularly, the scheme with an empirically parameterized Vcmax25 profile achieved comparable performance to the scheme with the measured Vcmax25 profile. Both 1D-SCOPE and 3D-Helios accurately modeled GPP (SCOPE: R2 = 0.87, Bias = 0.55 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹; Helios: R2 = 0.9, Bias = 0.22 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) under the most complex scheme, and their responses to vertical and seasonal variation in leaf traits were consistent, demonstrating the robustness of our findings. Based on our findings, we propose a scalable framework for parameterizing leaf traits to improve GPP simulations. This study contributes to improving the representation of leaf trait dynamics in canopy-level photosynthesis models, potentially enhancing our ability to predict crop productivity and understand agroecosystem carbon dynamics.

Biological processes involve complex hierarchies where composite traits result from multiple component traits. However, holistically understanding of how sets of component traits interact to underpin genotype-to-phenotype relationships is generally lacking. Stomatal density (SD) is a tractable model system for exploring how high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) data could be exploited by a new spatial analysis approach to better understand a developmentally and functionally important trait. SD is a composite trait, resulting from various components related to cell identity and size, which are themselves governed by a series of spatio-developmental processes. Data from 192 recombinant inbred lines of maize [Zea mays (L.)] were analyzed by a new stomatal patterning phenotype (SPP) to (1) describe the average spatial probability distribution of the nearest neighboring stomata; (2) derive a core set of component traits related to cell size, cell packing, and positional probabilities; (3) build a structural equation model of component traits underlying SD; and (4) identify stomatal patterning quantitative trait loci (QTL). The core set of SPP-derived traits explained 74% of the variation in SD. Analyzing SPP component traits allowed some loci previously identified as generic SD QTL to be recognized as specific to lateral versus longitudinal elements of stomatal patterning. Therefore, this study highlights how novel insights can be gained by decomposing a composite trait (e.g., SD) into a set of component traits that were present in HTP data but not previously exploited.

Improving nitrogen (N) efficiency is essential for sustainable high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production. This study evaluated leaf and stem N dynamics, canopy N remobilization, and physiological nitrogen use efficiency (pNUE) in two photoperiod-sensitive sorghum hybrids under two N rates (0 and 168 kg-N ha−1) across multiple environments in Texas and Illinois. Leaf N concentrations increased with plant height in the canopy with steeper gradients under low-N conditions, indicating enhanced N remobilization when N is limited. Stem tissue showed less variation in N concentration across canopy nodal positions, with within-plant differences ranging from 1.2 to 7.6 g kg−1, compared to 3.1 to 16.3 g kg−1 in leaves. While pNUE was generally higher under unfertilized conditions, it varied largely by site; however, genotypic differences were minimal within the given year. These results highlight the importance of integrating environmental and management factors into breeding and fertilization strategies to enhance N efficiency in high-biomass sorghum.

The price gap between the market and breakeven prices of cellulosic biomass for farmers represents a significant barrier to the development of a low-carbon cellulosic bioeconomy. Using a bottom-up, agent-based modeling tool that replicates the behaviors and interactions of key stakeholders, this study analyzes the emergence of a cellulosic bioeconomy at the local scale through a wedge approach that examines an integrated portfolio of multiple policy options, including subsidies for small-scale bioproducts and environmental credits. The role of collaboration among multiple stakeholders, such as biomass producers (farmers), bio-refinery industry, government, and society, is assessed for filling the price gap. Using the Sangamon River Basin as a case study site, we evaluate the effectiveness of the wedge approach by comparing simulation results from multiple scenarios, each incorporating different combinations of bioeconomy wedges, with and without stakeholder collaboration. Results underscore that active collaboration among stakeholders acts as a catalyst enlarging the effectiveness of bioeconomy wedges. Including the carbon credits and environmental value in the policy portfolio is found to bridge the price gap through collective contributions from diverse stakeholders, where the cellulosic biofuel and bioproduct industry plays a pivotal role. Although this study is conducted at the local watershed scale, the methodology and findings offer valuable insights for market development in other watersheds and the potential scaling of local markets to regional and national levels.

This dataset contains 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data and associated code from field-collected Culex pipiens complex and Culex restuans mosquitoes sampled across three regions in the Midwestern United States May-September 2023.

The dataset contains unbiased molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories in XTC format for anandamide binding in cannabinoid receptors, along with the files containing corresponding parameter and topology. All simulations employed the CHARMM36m force field for proteins, while endocannabinoids were parameterized using the CGenFF force field. Unbiased simulations were performed with OpenMM v7.7.

Plants can influence soil microbes through resource acquisition and interference competition, with consequences for ecosystem function such as nitrification. However, how plants alter soil conditions to influence nitrifiers and nitrification rates remains poorly understood, especially in the subsoil. Here, coupling the 15N isotopic pool dilution technique, high throughput sequencing and in situ soil O2 monitoring, we investigated how a deep-rooted perennial grass, miscanthus, versus an adjacent shallow-rooted turfgrass reference shapes nitrifier assembly and function along 1 m soil profiles. In topsoil, the suppression of ammonia (NH3) oxidizing archaea (AOA) and gross nitrification rates in miscanthus relative to the reference likely resulted from nitrifiers being outcompeted by plant roots and heterotrophic bacteria for ammonium (NH4+). The stronger tripartite competition under miscanthus may have been caused in part by the lower soil organic matter (SOM) content, which supported lower gross nitrogen (N) mineralization, the major soil process that produces NH4+. In contrast, below 10 cm soil depth, significantly greater gross nitrification rates were observed in miscanthus compared to the reference. This was likely driven by the significantly lower oxygen (O2) in miscanthus than reference subsoil, which selected against aerobic heterotrophic bacteria but in favor of AOA. Overall, we found that plants can regulate AOA community structure and function through different mechanisms in topsoil and subsoil, with suppression of nitrification in topsoil and enhancement of nitrification in subsoil.

Data and code provided for Wildlife Biology publication "Integrating multiple surveys using state-space models improves inference of population trends for Illinois furbearers". We used four datasets collected by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the Illinois Natural History Survey to assess abundance trends in Illinois between 1979-2023 for three species: raccoon (Procyon lotor), opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). We used Bayesian state-space models to examine population growth for each dataset individually, and compared these to trends derived from using all four datasets in one integrated model. Two datasets are included here; please contact Dr. Craig Miller (<a href="mailto:craigm@illinois.edu">craigm@illinois.edu</a>) for access to the two datasets with containing human subject data.

Bioenergy sorghum is a low-input, drought-resilient, deep-rooting annual crop that has high biomass yield potential enabling the sustainable production of biofuels, biopower, and bioproducts. Bioenergy sorghum’s 4-5 m stems account for ~80% of the harvested biomass. Stems accumulate high levels of sucrose that could be used to synthesize bioethanol and useful biopolymers if information about stem cell-type gene expression and regulation was available to enable engineering. To obtain this information, Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate and collect transcriptome profiles from five major cell types that are present in stems of the sweet sorghum Wray. Transcriptome analysis identified genes with cell-type specific and cell-preferred expression patterns that reflect the distinct metabolic, transport, and regulatory functions of each cell type. Analysis of cell-type specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs) revealed that unique TF families contribute to distinct regulatory landscapes, where regulation is organized through various modes and identifiable network motifs. Cell-specific transcriptome data was combined with a stem developmental transcriptome dataset to identify the GRN that differentially activates the secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in stem xylem sclerenchyma and epidermal cells. The cell-type transcriptomic dataset provides a valuable source of information about the function of sorghum stem cell types and GRNs that will enable the engineering of bioenergy sorghum stems.

Repository for Kinetic Estimation Tool Capturing Heterogeneous Datasets Using Pyomo (KETCHUP), a flexible parameter estimation tool that leverages a primal-dual interior-point algorithm to solve a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem that identifies a set of parameters capable of recapitulating the steady-state fluxes and concentrations in wild-type and perturbed metabolic networks. KETCHUP can use K-FIT [2] input files. Example K-FIT input files are located in the K-FIT repository at https://github.com/maranasgroup/K-FIT.

Seeds of Col-0 wild type, sig6 T-DNA mutants (CS877785, ABRC), PRL-1-OE, and sig6 T-DNA mutants transfected with PRL-1 (sig6::PRL-1) were planted in 1/2 MS media. Seedlings growth including chlorophyll development defects were investigated across the genotypes. Four-days-old-post-light exposure seedlings were harvested and performed RNAseq analysis with four biological replicates.

This dataset contains simulation results from PartMC-MOSAIC and WRF-PartMC that used in the journal article: Quantifying the Impact of Surfactants on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity Using a Particle-Resolved Model. Two compressed folder are uploaded here, one is for the data that used in this article, the other folder is the python scripts to process the data. For more details of the uploaded files, please check the README file.

Includes three different types of stacks, in two folders: "REC_RAW_STACKS.zip" contains: (1) Raw gray-scale reconstructed microCT x-ray scans, in the form of individual stacks per sample. "ML_STACKS.zip" contains: (2) Stacks that have been labeled using a machine-learning mask-RCNN pipeline identifying epidermis, mesophyll, airspace, vascular bundle, and background. (3) Stacks that have stomata locations labeled using a small point. The three types of stacks were used to calculate a variety of anatomical and physiological traits, using ImageJ Macros provided on Github: https://github.com/leakey-lab/microCT-Macros-Fischer. Young leaves from WT and transgenic Sorghum plants. CSV "microCT_REC2_META.csv" contains metadata, including sample/sub-sample labels.

This dataset accompanies the research paper "The single edge notch fracture test for viscoelastic elastomers" by Kamarei, Sozio, and Lopez-Pamies, published in the Journal of Theoretical, Computational and Applied Mechanics (2026). Making use of the Griffith criticality condition introduced by Shrimali and Lopez-Pamies (Extreme Mechanics Letters 58: 101944, 2023), the paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the single edge notch fracture test for viscoelastic elastomers — combining a parametric study with direct comparisons against experiments — to reveal how non-Gaussian elasticity, nonlinear viscosity, and intrinsic fracture energy interact to govern fracture nucleation from a pre-existing crack. The dataset contains figure data, numerical results, and supporting materials for reproducing the findings of the paper.

This dataset contains the raw Florida bonneted bat echolocation calls recorded in southern Florida, USA from the years 2021 and 2022. This dataset also includes our artificial roost microclimate data (2021 only) and observations of bats recorded in our artificial roosts (2021 and 2022). Lastly, we include the R script required to analyze the Florida bonneted bat echolocation calls and the R script to produce the supplemental table and supplemental figure for our microclimate data.

Data for the publication Protostellar Outflows Shed Light on the Dominant Close Companion Star Formation Pathways (Sponzilli et al). Contains the fits files, data files, and python scripts. The entire analysis is containerized with Docker. The `Dockerfile` in the root folder can be used to build the image. <b>Note:</b> __MACOSX folder or files starting with dot can be safely ignored or removed.

This dataset contains five files. (i) open_citations_jan2024_pub_ids.csv.gz, open_citations_jan2024_iid_el.csv.gz, open_citations_jan2024_el.csv.gz, and open_citation_jan2024_pubs.csv.gz represent a conversion of Open Citations to an edge list using integer ids assigned by us. The integer ids can be mapped to omids, pmids, and dois using the open_citation_jan2024_pubs.csv and open_citations_jan2024_pub_ids.scv files. The network consists of 121,052,490 nodes and 1,962,840,983 edges. Code for generating these data can be found https://github.com/chackoge/ERNIE_Plus/tree/master/OpenCitations. (ii) The fifth file, baseline2024.csv.gz, provides information about the metadata of PubMed papers. A 2024 version of PubMed was downloaded using Entrez and parsed into a table restricted to records that contain a pmid, a doi, and has a title and an abstract. A value of 1 in columns indicates that the information exists in metadata and a zero indicates otherwise. Code for generating this data: https://github.com/illinois-or-research-analytics/pubmed_etl. If you use these data or code in your work, please cite https://doi.org/10.13012/B2IDB-5216575_V1.

Curated networks and clustering output from the manuscript: Well-Connected Communities in Real-World Networks https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02813

This dataset contains files and relevant metadata for real-world and synthetic LFR networks used in the manuscript "Well-Connectedness and Community Detection (2024) Park et al. presently under review at PLOS Complex Systems. The manuscript is an extended version of Park, M. et al. (2024). Identifying Well-Connected Communities in Real-World and Synthetic Networks. In Complex Networks & Their Applications XII. COMPLEX NETWORKS 2023. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1142. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53499-7_1. “The Overview of Real-World Networks image provides high-level information about the seven real-world networks. TSVs of the seven real-world networks are provided as [network-name]_cleaned to indicate that duplicated edges and self-loops were removed, where column 1 is source and column 2 is target. LFR datasets are contained within the zipped file. Real-world networks are labeled _cleaned_ to indicate that duplicate edges and self loops were removed. #LFR datasets for the Connectivity Modifier (CM) paper ### File organization Each directory `[network-name]_[resolution-value]_lfr` includes the following files: * `network.dat`: LFR network edge-list * `community.dat`: LFR ground-truth communities * `time_seed.dat`: time seed used in the LFR software * `statistics.dat`: statistics generated by the LFR software * `cmd.stat`: command used to run the LFR software as well as time and memory usage information

This folder contains the data and analysis code used to produce the results reported in "Quantifying classical and quantum bounds for resolving closely spaced, non-interacting, simultaneously emitting dipole sources in optical microscopy", (accepted, J. Chem. Phys. 2026).

An economic model was developed that incorporates spatially varying joint yield and price distributions for the multiple crop choices a farmer faces when choosing between conventional and bioenergy crops. The model is developed in Matlab, and has options for no, annual and upfront payment results.

This dataset contains all the raw and processed data used to generate the figures presented in the main text and the appendix of the paper "Fluxonium as a control qubit for bosonic quantum information". It also includes code for data analysis and figure generation.

This dataset consists of a directed network in edge list format where nodes correspond to articles in the scientific literature and edges represent citations. The network was constructed by seed set expansion (two rounds of citing and cited papers ) of the article (seed node) reporting the discovery of PI 3-Kinase activity. " Malcolm Whitman, C Peter Downes, Marilyn Keeler, Tracy Keller, and Lewis Cantley. (1988) Type I phosphatidylinositol kinase makes a novel inositol phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate. Nature, 332(6165):644–646." The edge list comprises 17,970,340 nodes and 127,255,020 edges. The dataset was obtained from the Dimensions database via a two-level expansion of the seed node (article). The first expansion included four groups of nodes: the seed node; all publications cited by the seed node; all publications citing the seed node; and all publications cited by publications citing the seed node. The second expansion included all nodes that either cited or were cited by a node in the first expansion set. Node ids used were converted from the proprietary identifiers in Dimensions using a zero-based sequence of integer_ids [0: (n-1)]. Access to the original identifiers requires a license from Digital Science.

This dateset contains data files necessary to replicate figures from "Idealized Particle-Resolved Large-Eddy Simulations to Evaluate the Impact of Emissions Spatial Heterogeneity on CCN Activity" submitted to Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Within the compressed folder data.zip are two subdirectories, "processed_data" and "spatial-het". The "processed_data" directory contains netCDF files which contain a subset of simulation output used in figure generation. The "spatial-het" subdirectory contains a .csv file with spatial heterogeneity values computed via an exact algorithm of the spatial heterogeneity metric described by Mohebalhojeh et al. 2025. The subdirectory "sh-patterns" contains .csv files for each emissions scenario. Each entry corresponds to a single grid cell over a domain of dimension 100x100 (lateral resolution of the computational domain employed in this paper). Within scripts.zip are python notebooks for generating figures. Additional python modules are included which contain helper functions for notebooks. Furthermore, a Fortran version of the spatial heterogeneity metric is included alongside shells scripts for creating a python environment in which the code can be compiled and convert into a Python module. Note that the create_env.sh and compile_nsh.sh scripts must be run prior to executing cells in notebooks to make use of the spatial heterogeneity subroutines. <b>*Note*:</b> New in this V3: During review, a bug regarding vertical diffusion of particles was discovered in WRF-PartMC which necessitated re-running simulations. We present new simulations with diffusion fixed. Furthermore, we have run additional simulations in response to reviewer comments--simulations with emissions turned off at t = 4 h to investigate reversible partitioning and simulations with the RH raised near saturation throughout the domain to model the effects of co-condensation. The README PDF has been updated to reflect changes to the dataset collection. Also, we have added a shell script in scripts_v3.zip which was used to process simulation output and create the data subsets contained in data_v3.zip. Lastly, notebooks were re-run with updated datasets to create manuscript figures and additional plotting routines were added for new figures pertaining to the requested simulations.

This repository contains source data for key plots presented in the manuscript "Plasmon-driven exciton formation in a non-equilibrium Fermi liquid." Experimental data that was analyzed in Igor Pro 8 are presented as the .pxp files used to generate individual sub-plots. Electronic spectral function calculations are provided as .txt files, in which consecutive rows refer to the meshgrid x coordinate, y coordinate, spectral function (and, where relevant, axis-projected local angular momentum). We additionally include the Wannier model and DFT-obtained bulk band structure on which the Wannier model was based. Files are named as the number of the figure in the manuscript to which they correspond, with additional details included where necessary. <b>Details of file names:</b> 2a_DOS_Lxz_Ek_KGM_40layer_xnum_800kpt_tot.txt: Density of states, xz-axis projected local orbital angular momentum, for 800 points along the K-Gamma-M path, for a 40-layer model. 2c_composite_y.pxp: ARPES (angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy) spectra along the ky axis, including both a scan near the Fermi level and a scan at high kinetic energies. 2d_LCP_RCP_diff_Sect_20K.pxp: difference between ARPES constant energy cuts at T=20 K at E0 + 0.23 eV taken with left- and right-circularly polarized photons. The polarization-integrated intensity at the constant energy cut is also included. 2e_DOS_L45_E11pt79_m0pt25to0pt25_xnum_800kpt_tot.txt: Density of states, xz-projected local orbital angular momentum, and corresponding k-points in two dimensions from ab-initio electronic structure calculations for a constant-energy cut. 3a_[x]_[y]ps: ARPES cut under excitation at a fluence of x uJ/cm2, measured y ps after photoexcitation. Measurements were performed at 9 K. 3b_[x]: Energy distribution curves under excitation at a fluence x uJ/cm2 at selected delay times after photoexcitation. 4a_ImSigma_vs_temperature.pxp: Imaginary self energy (extracted from ARPES linewidths) at different energies above E0 for selected lattice temperatures. 4b_EELS_lowE.pxp: Electron energy loss spectrum over a low energy range 5b_diff_55m15.pxp: Difference between momentum-integrated Tr-ARPES traces at 55 uJ/cm2 and 15 uJ/cm2 photoexcitation. Time-dependent intensity at each energy level has been normalized to a maximum of 1 for each individual fluence prior to subtraction. 5d_invtau_at_EX_vs_fluence.pxp: decay rate at a specified energy EX for different excitation fluences, from single exponential fits. <b>NOTE: Analyses based on the Wannier model presented here should cite both the associated Article and this dataset. For all other files in the repository, citing the dataset alone is sufficient.</b>