Dataset Search

2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a human milk oligosaccharide with confirmed benefits for infant health, is a promising infant formula ingredient. Although Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Bacillus subtilis have been engineered to produce 2′-FL, their titers and productivities need be improved for economic production. Glucose along with lactose have been used as substrates for producing 2′-FL, but accumulation of by-products due to overflow metabolism of glucose hampered efficient production of 2′-FL regardless of a host strain. To circumvent this problem, we used xylose, which is the second most abundant sugar in plant cell wall hydrolysates and is metabolized through oxidative metabolism, for the production of 2′-FL by engineered yeast. Specifically, we modified an engineered S. cerevisiae strain capable of assimilating xylose to produce 2′-FL from a mixture of xylose and lactose. First, a lactose transporter (Lac12) from Kluyveromyces lactis was introduced. Second, a heterologous 2′-FL biosynthetic pathway consisting of enzymes Gmd, WcaG, and WbgL from E. coli was introduced. Third, we adjusted expression levels of the heterologous genes to maximize 2′-FL production. The resulting engineered yeast produced 25.5 g/L of 2′-FL with a volumetric productivity of 0.35 g/L∙h in a fed-batch fermentation with lactose and xylose feeding to mitigate the glucose repression. Interestingly, the major location of produced 2′-FL by the engineered yeast can be changed using different culture media. While 72% of the produced 2′-FL was secreted when a complex medium was used, 82% of the produced 2′-FL remained inside the cells when a minimal medium was used. As yeast extract is already used as food and animal feed ingredients, 2′-FL enriched yeast extract can be produced cost-effectively using the 2′-FL-accumulating yeast cells.

This dynamic photosynthesis model of soybean canopy is developed by Yu Wang (yuwangcn@illinois.edu), IGB, University of Illinois. If you want to know more details, please check the following publication Yu Wang, Steven J. Burgess, Elsa de Becker, Stephen P. Long. Photosynthesis in the fleeting shadows: An overlooked opportunity for increasing crop productivity? The Plant Journal.

This dataset contains gamma-ray spectra templates for a source interdiction and uranium enrichment measurement task. This dataset also contains Keras machine learning models trained using datasets created using these templates.

This dataset contains transcribed entries from the "Prairie Directory of North America" (Adelman and Schwartz 2013) for the Tallgrass, Mixed Grass, and Shortgrass prairie regions of the united states. We identified the historical spatial extent of the Tallgrass, Mixed Grass, and Shortgrass prairie regions using Ricketts et al. (1999), Olson et al. (2001), and Dixon et al. (2014) and selected the counties entirely or partially within these boundaries from the USDA Forest Service (2022) file. The resulting lists of counties are included as separate files. The dataset contains information on publicly accessible grasslands and prairies in these regions including acreage and amenities like hunting access, restrooms, parking, and trails.

This dataset includes experimental data supporting the findings in the manuscript "Magnetostriction and Temperature Dependent Gilbert Damping in Boron Doped Fe80Ga20 Thin Films". It contains raw data for X-Ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, magnetic hysteresis loop measurement, magnetostriction measurement, and temperature dependent magnetic damping measurement.

This data describes habitat use, availability, landscape level influences, and daily movement of dabbling ducks in the Wabash River Valley of southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana. It contains triangulated locations of individual ducks, associated habitat assignments of those locations, flood survey data to determine water availability, and randomly generated points to assess landscape level questions.

Dataset associated with Hoover et al AUK-19-093 submission: Local conspecific density does not influence reproductive output in a secondary cavity-nesting songbird. Excel CSV with all of the data used in analyses. Description of variables YEARS: year ORDINAL_DATE: number for what day of the year it is with 1 January = 1,……30 December = 365 SITE: acronym for each study site BOX: unique nest box identifier on each study site TREAT: designates whether nest box was in a high- or low- nest box density area within each study site ACTUAL_NO_NEIGHBORS: number of pairs of warblers using a nest box within 200 m of a given pair’s nest box CLUTCH_SIZE: number of warbler eggs in nest at the onset of incubation PROWN: number of warbler nestlings once eggs have hatched PROWF: number of warbler nestlings that fledged out of the nest box HATCH_SUCCESS: proportion of eggs in the nest that hatched FLEDG_SUCCESS: proportion of the nestlings that fledged from the nest box HATCH_SUCCESS2: binary category where “0” indicates there was some, and “1” indicates there was no hatching failure FLEDG_SUCCESS2: binary category where “0” indicates there was some, and “1” indicates there was no nestling failure (i.e. nestling death) BHCO_PARASIT2: binary category where “0” indicates no cowbird parasitism, and “1” indicates there was cowbird parasitism BHCOE: number of cowbird eggs in clutch BHCOF: number of cowbird nestlings that fledged from the nest PAIRID: unique number that identifies a male and female warbler that are together at a nest box and this number is the same in a subsequent nesting attempt or year if the same male and female are together again FEMALE_ID: unique identifier for each female which represents her leg band combination. Each letter represents a band with letters preceding the hyphen being on the right leg and after the hyphen the left leg FEM_AGE: binary category where “0” indicates a 1-year-old bird and “1” indicates a >1-year-old bird FEMALE_BREEDING_ATTEMPT: “1” indicates first, “2” indicates second,……..breeding attempt within a given year SECOND_ATTEMPT: for any female that fledged a brood in a given year, binary category where “0” represents that they did not, and “1” indicates that they did attempt a second brood that year F_TOT_PROWF: total reproductive output (number of warbler fledglings produced) for a given female in a given year MALE_ID: unique identifier for each male which represents his leg band combination. Each letter represents a band with letters preceding the hyphen being on the right leg and after the hyphen the left leg MALE_AGE2: binary category where “0” indicates a 1-year-old bird and “1” indicates a >1-year-old bird Provisioning_rate: total number of food provisions per nestling per hour by male and female warbler combined BROOD_MASS: average nestling mass (g) for the brood BROOD_TARSUS: average nestling tarsus length (mm) for the brood Brood_condition: unit-less index of nestling condition that uses the residuals of the BROOD_MASS/BROOD_TARSUS relationship A period (“.”) represents where data were not collected, not available, or because individual nest or female did not qualify for consideration of a category assignment. An empty cell represents no data available for this particular cell.

Upregulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in vegetative plant tissues such as leaves has the potential to drastically increase the energy density and biomass yield of bioenergy crops. In this context, constraint-based analysis has the promise to improve metabolic engineering strategies. Here we present a core metabolism model for the C4 biomass crop Sorghum bicolor (iTJC1414) along with a minimal model for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, sucrose and TAG biosynthesis in C3 plants. Extending iTJC1414 to a four-cell diel model we simulate C4 photosynthesis in mature leaves with the principal photo-assimilatory product being replaced by TAG produced at different levels. Independent of specific pathways and per unit carbon assimilated, energy content and biosynthetic demands in reducing equivalents are about 1.3 to 1.4 times higher for TAG than for sucrose. For plant generic pathways, ATP- and NADPH-demands per CO2 assimilated are higher by 1.3- and 1.5-fold, respectively. If the photosynthetic supply in ATP and NADPH in iTJC1414 is adjusted to be balanced for sucrose as the sole photo-assimilatory product, overproduction of TAG is predicted to cause a substantial surplus in photosynthetic ATP. This means that if TAG synthesis was the sole photo-assimilatory process, there could be an energy imbalance that might impede the process. Adjusting iTJC1414 to a photo-assimilatory rate that approximates field conditions, we predict possible daily rates of TAG accumulation, dependent on varying ratios of carbon partitioning between exported assimilates and accumulated oil droplets (TAG, oleosin) and in dependence of activation of futile cycles of TAG synthesis and degradation. We find that, based on the capacity of leaves for photosynthetic synthesis of exported assimilates, mature leaves should be able to reach a 20% level of TAG per dry weight within one month if only 5% of the photosynthetic net assimilation can be allocated into oil droplets. From this we conclude that high TAG levels should be achievable if TAG synthesis is induced only during a final phase of the plant life cycle.

These are the alignments of transcriptome data used for the analysis of members of Heteroptera. This dataset is analyzed in "Deep instability in the phylogenetic backbone of Heteroptera is only partly overcome by transcriptome-based phylogenomics" published in Insect Systematics and Diversity.

This dataset contains the full data used in the paper titled "Enabling High Precision Gradient Index Control in Subsurface Multiphoton Lithography," available at https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01950 . The data used for Table 1 can be found in the dataset for the related Figure 8. Some supplemental figures' data can be found in the main figures data: Figure S2's data is contained in Figure 6. Figure S4 and Table S1 data is derived from Figure 6. Figure S9 is derived from Figure 7. Figure S10 is contained in Figure 7. Figure S12 is derived from Figure 6 and the Python code prism-fringe-analysis. Figures without a data file named after them do not have any data affiliated with them and are purely graphical representations.

This is the experimental data of tetris artificial spin ice. The islands are made of Permalloy materials with size of 170 nm by 470 nm by 2.5 nm. The systems are measured at a temperature where the islands are fluctuating around room temperature. The data is recorded as photoemission electron microscopy intensity. More details about the dataset can be found in the file Note.txt and Tetris_data_list.xlsx Note: 2 files name bl11_teris600_033 and bl11_tetris600_2_135 are not recorded in the excel sheet because they are corrupted during the measurement. Any data that is not recorded in the excel sheet is either corrupted or of low quality. From files *_028 to *_049, tetris is spelled with “t” while in the raw data folder without “t”. This is a typo. Throughout the dataset, tetris and teris are supposed to have the same meaning.

This dataset consists of various input data that are used in the GAMS model. All the data are in the format of .inc which can be read within GAMS or Notepad. Main data sources include: acreage data (acre), crop budget data ($/acre), crop yield data (e.g. bushel/acre), Soil carbon sequestration data (KgCO2/ha/yr). Model details can be found in the "Assessing the Additional Carbon Savings with Biofuel" and GAMS model package. ## File Description (1) GAMS Model.zip: This includes all the input files and scripts for running the model (2) Table*.csv: These files include the data from the tables in the manuscript (3) Figure2_3_4.csv: This contains the data used to create the figures in the manuscript (4) BaselineResults.csv: This includes a summary of the model results. (5) SensitivityResults_*.csv: Model results from the various sensitivity analyses performed (6) LUC_emission.csv: land use change emissions by crop reporting district for changes of pasturelands to annual crops.

The data in this directory corresponds to: Skinner, R.K., Dietrich, C.H., Walden, K.K.O., Gordon, E., Sweet, A.D., Podsiadlowski, L., Petersen, M., Simon, C., Takiya, D.M., and Johnson, K.P. Phylogenomics of Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) using Transcriptomes: Examining Controversial Relationships via Degeneracy Coding and Interrogation of Gene Conflict. Systematic Entomology. Correspondance should be directed to: Rachel K. Skinner, rskinn2@illinois.edu If you use these data, please cite our paper in Systematic Entomology. The following files can be found in this dataset: Amino_acid_concatenated_alignment.phy: the amino acid alignment used in this analysis in phylip format. Amino_acid_raxml_partitions.txt (for reference only): the partitions for the amino acid alignment, but a partitioned amino acid analysis was not performed in this study. Amino_acid_concatenated_tree.newick: the best maximum likelihood tree with bootstrap values in newick format. ASTRAL_input_gene_trees.tre: the concatenated gene tree input file for ASTRAL README_pie_charts.md: explains the the scripts and data needed to recreate the pie charts figure from our paper. There is also another Corresponds to the following files: ASTRAL_species_tree_EN_only.newick: the species tree with only effective number (EN) annotation ASTRAL_species_tree_pp1_only.newick: the species tree with only the posterior probability 1 (main topology) annotation ASTRAL_species_tree_q1_only.newick: the species tree with only the quartet scores for the main topology (q1) ASTRAL_species_tree_q2_only.newick: the species tree with only the quartet scores for the first alternative topology (q2) ASTRAL_species_tree_q3_only.newick: the species tree with only the quartet scores for the second alternative topology (q3) print_node_key_files.py: script needed to create the following files: node_keys.key: text file with node IDs and topologies complete_q_scores.key: text file with node IDs multiplied q scores EN_node_vals.key: text file with node IDs and EN values create_pie_charts_tree.py: script needed to visualize the tree with pie charts, pp1, and EN values plotted at nodes ASTRAL_species_tree_full_annotation.newick: the species tree with full annotation from the ASTRAL analysis. NOTE: It may be more useful to examine individual value files if you want to visualize the tree, e.g., in figtree, since the full annotations are extensive and can make viewing difficult. Complete_NT_concatenated_alignment.phy: the nucleotide alignment that includes unmodified third codon positions. The alignment is in phylip format. Complete_NT_raxml_partitions.txt: the raxml-style partition file of the nucleotide partitions Complete_NT_concatenated_tree.newick: the best maximum likelihood tree from the concatenated complete analysis NT with bootstrap values in newick format Complete_NT_partitioned_tree.newick: the best maximum likelihood tree from the partitioned complete NT analysis with bootstrap values in newick format Degeneracy_coded_nt_concatenated_alignment.phy: the degeneracy coded nucleotide alignment in phylip format Degeneracy_coded_nt_raxml_partitions.txt: the raxml-style partition file for the degeneracy coded nucleotide alignment Degeneracy_coded_nt_concatenated_tree.newick: the best maximum likelihood tree from the degeneracy-coded concatenated analysis with bootstrap values in newick format Degeneracy_coded_nt_partitioned_tree.newick: the best maximum likelihood tree from the degeneracy-coded partitioned analysis with bootstrap values in newick format count_ingroup_taxa.py: script that counts the number of ingroup and/or outgroup taxa present in an alignment

Mitochondrion is generally considered as the most promising subcellular organelle for compartmentalization engineering. Much progress has been made in reconstituting whole metabolic pathways in the mitochondria of yeast to harness the precursor pools (i.e., pyruvate and acetyl-CoA), bypass competing pathways, and minimize transportation limitations. However, only a few mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs) have been characterized (i.e., MTS of COX4), limiting the application of compartmentalization engineering for multigene biosynthetic pathways in the mitochondria of yeast. In the present study, based on the mitochondrial proteome, a total of 20 MTSs were cloned and the efficiency of these MTSs in targeting heterologous proteins, including the Escherichia coli FabI and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) into the mitochondria was evaluated by growth complementation and confocal microscopy. After systematic characterization, six of the well-performed MTSs were chosen for the colocalization of complete biosynthetic pathways into the mitochondria. As proof of concept, the full α-santalene biosynthetic pathway consisting of 10 expression cassettes capable of converting acetyl-coA to α-santalene was compartmentalized into the mitochondria, leading to a 3.7-fold improvement in the production of α-santalene. The newly characterized MTSs should contribute to the expanded metabolic engineering and synthetic biology toolbox for yeast mitochondrial compartmentalization engineering.

This is the dataset used in the Landscape Ecology publication of the same name. This dataset consists of the following files: NWCA_Int_Veg.txt NWCA_Reg_Veg.txt NWCA_Site_Attributes.txt NWCA_Int_Veg.txt is a site and plot by species matrix. Column labeled SITES consists of site IDs. Column labeled Plots consist of Plot ID numbers. All other columns represent species abundances (estimates of percent cover, summed across five plots). NWCA_Reg_Veg.txt is a site by species matrix of species abundances. Column labeled SITES consist of site IDs. All other columns represent species abundances (estimates of percent cover within individual plots). NWCA_Site_Attributes.txt is a matrix of site attributes. Column labeled SITES consist of site IDs. Column labeled AA_CENTER_LAT consist of latitudinal coordinates for the Assessment Area center point in decimal degrees. Column labeled AA_CENTER_LONG consist of longitudinal coordinates for the Assessment Area center point in decimal degrees. Column REFPLUS_NWCA represents disturbance gradient classes including MIN (minimally disturbed), L (least disturbed), I (intermediate), M (most disturbed). Column REFPLUS_NWCA2 represents revised disturbance gradient classes based on protocols described in the article. These revised classes were used for analysis. Column labeled STRESS_HEAVYMETAL represents heavy metal stressor classes, used to ascertain which wetlands were missing soil data. Classes in the STRESS_HEAVYMETAL column include Low, Moderate, High, and Missing. Sites with Missing STRESS_HEAVYMETAL classes were removed from analysis. More information about this dataset: All of the data used in this analysis was gathered from the National Wetlands Condition Assessment. Wetland surveys were conducted from 4/4/2011 to 11/2/2011. The entire National Wetlands Condition Assessment Dataset, which includes 3640 unique taxonomic identities of plants, can be found at: https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/data-national-aquatic-resource-surveys

The data set contains Supplemental data sets for the Manuscript entitled "Where are they hiding? Testing the body snatchers hypothesis in pyrophilous fungi." Environmental sampling: Amplification of nuclear DNA regions (ITS1 and ITS2) were completed using the Fluidigm Access Array and the resulting amplicons were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq v2 platform runs using rapid 2 × 250 nt paired-end reads. Illumina sequencing run amplicons that were size selected into <500nt and >500nt sub-pools, then remixed together <500nt: >500nt by nM concentration in a 1x:3x proportion. All amplification and sequencing steps were performed at the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. ITS1 region primers consisted of ITS1F (5'-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-'3) and ITS2 (5'-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-'3). ITS2 region primers consisted of fITS7 (5'-GTGARTCATCGAATCTTTG-'3) and ITS4 (5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-'3). Supplemental files 1 through 5 contain the raw data files. Supplemental 1 is the ITS1 Illumina MiSeq forward reads and Supplemental 2 is the corresponding index files. Supplemental 3 is the ITS2 Illumina MiSeq forward reads and Supplemental 4 is the corresponding index files. Supplemental 5 is the map file needed to process the forward reads and index files in QIIME. Supplemental 6 and 7 contain the resulting QIIME 1.9.1. OTU tables along with UNITE, NCBI, and CONSTAX taxonomic assignments in addition to the representative OTU sequence. Numeric samples within the OTU tables correspond to the following: 1 Brachythecium sp. 2 Usnea cornuta 3 Dicranum sp. 4 Leucodon julaceus 5 Lobaria quercizans 6 Rhizomnium sp. 7 Dicranum sp. 8 Thuidium delicatulum 9 Myelochroa aurulenta 10 Atrichum angustatum 11 Dicranum sp. 12 Hypnum sp. 13 Atrichum angustatum 14 Hypnum sp. 15 Thuidium delicatulum 16 Leucobryum sp. 17 Polytrichum commune 18 Atrichum angustatum 19 Atrichum angustatum 20 Atrichum crispulum 21 Bryaceae 22 Leucobryum sp. 23 Conocephalum conicum 24 Climacium americanum 25 Atrichum angustatum 26 Huperzia serrata 27 Polytrichum commune 28 Diphasiastrum sp. 29 Anomodon attenuatus 30 Bryoandersonia sp. 31 Polytrichum commune 32 Thuidium delicatulum 33 Brachythecium sp. 34 Leucobryum glaucum 35 Bryoandersonia sp. 36 Anomodon attenuatus 37 Pohlia sp. 38 Cinclidium sp. 39 Hylocomium splendens 40 Polytrichum commune 41 negative control 42 Soil 43 Soil 44 Soil 45 Soil 46 Soil 47 Soil If a sample number is not present within the OTU table; either no sequences were obtained or no sequences passed the quality filtering step in QIIME. Supplemental 8 contains the Summary of unique species per location.

A population genetics study was conducted on three plant taxa in the genus Physaria that are found on the Kaibab Plateau (Arizona, USA). Physaria kingii subsp. kaibabensis is endemic to the Kaibab Plateau, and is of conservation concern because of its rarity, limited range, and potential threats to its long-term persistence. Additionally, the taxon is a candidate for federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. It was not clear how genetically isolated P. k. subsp. kaibabensis was from Physaria kingii subsp. latifolia, which is a widespread subspecies found throughout the southwestern USA, including on the Kaibab Plateau. Additionally, other authors have suggested that P. k. subsp. kaibabensis may hybridize with Physaria arizonica, a different species that is also widespread and found on and off the Kaibab Plateau. We conducted a population genetics study of all three groups to better determine the conservation status of P. k. subsp. kaibabensis. Genetic data are in the form of nuclear DNA microsatellites for 13 loci (all apparently diploid). Additionally, we have included location information for the collection sites. We collected tissue samples from on and off the Kaibab Plateau. The overall findings are shared in a manuscript being submitted for peer-review.

Data were used to analyze patterns in predator-specific nest predation on shrubland birds in Illinois as related to landscape composition at multiple landscape scales. Data were used in a Journal of Applied Ecology research paper of the same name. Data were collected between 2011 and 2014 at sites in east-central and northeastern Illinois, USA as part of a Ph.D. research project on the relationship between avian nest predation and landscape characteristics, and how nest predation affects adult and nestling bird behavior.

This is the published ortholog set derived from whole genome data used for the analysis of members of the B. tabaci complex of whiteflies. It includes the concatenated alignment and individual gene alignments used for analyses (Link to publication: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/11/9/151).

Rubisco activase (Rca) facilitates the release of sugar‐phosphate inhibitors from the active sites of Rubisco and thereby plays a central role in initiating and sustaining Rubisco activation. In Arabidopsis, alternative splicing of a single Rca gene results in two Rca isoforms, Rca‐α and Rca‐β. Redox modulation of Rca‐α regulates the function of Rca‐α and Rca‐β acting together to control Rubisco activation. Although Arabidopsis Rca‐α alone less effectively activates Rubisco in vitro , it is not known how CO2 assimilation and plant growth are impacted. Here, we show that two independent transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing Rca‐α in the absence of Rca‐β (“Rca‐α only” lines) grew more slowly in various light conditions, especially under low light or fluctuating light intensity, and in a short day photoperiod compared to wildtype. Photosynthetic induction was slower in the Rca‐α only lines, and they maintained a lower rate of CO2 assimilation during both photoperiod types. Our findings suggest Rca oligomers composed of Rca‐α only are less effective in initiating and sustaining the activation of Rubisco than when Rca‐β is also present. Currently there are no examples of any plant species that naturally express Rca‐α only but numerous examples of species expressing Rca‐β only. That Rca‐α exists in most plant species, including many C3 and C4 food and bioenergy crops, implies its presence is adaptive under some circumstances.

Sweet sorghum is typically cultivated for the food and fodder market. Recently, sweet sorghum varieties are being metabolically transitioned to enhance energy density by accumulating oil droplets in their vegetative tissues for bioenergy applications. Owing to the high biomass yield of sorghum, the transgenic lines can compete with oil-seed crops for biodiesel yield per unit area. In the initial phase of transgenic development, a high-throughput phenotyping method can bridge the gap between the production pipeline and analysis to improve the efficiency of the process. To meet the requirement, the present study extends the application of time-domain 1H-NMR spectroscopy for rapid quantification and characterization of the total in-situ lipids of sweet sorghum ‘ramada’ to lay the groundwork for analyzing the upcoming large quantity of transgenic samples. NMR technology has been successfully established for analyzing lipid contents of vegetative tissues of non-transgenic variety. The multiexponential analysis of spin-lattice (T1) relaxation spectra obtained from TD-NMR aided the investigation of the dynamics of the free and bound lipid fraction with plant development. The total lipid concentration of bagasse and leaves of non-transgenic sweet sorghum remained unchanged throughout the plant development. Leaves displayed a higher percentage of bound lipids as compared to bagasse. A significant variation in the lipid concentration of juice was observed at the different growth stages with a maximum lipid accumulation of 1.21 ± 0.04% w/w at the boot stage that decreased with further maturity of the plant.

Atomic oxygen densities in the MLT, averaged for 2002-2018 for 26, 14 day periods, beginning January 1.

This repository contains datasets and R scripts that were used in a study of the population structure of Miscanthus sacchariflorus in its native range across East Asia. Notably, genotypes of 764 individuals at 34,605 SNPs, called from reduced-representation DNA sequencing using a non-reference bioinformatics pipeline, are provided. Two similar SNP datasets, used for identifying clonal duplicates and for determining the ancestry of ornamental and hybrid Miscanthus plants identified in previous studies respectively, are also provided. There is also a spreadsheet listing the provenance and ploidy of all individuals along with their plastid (chloroplast) haplotypes. Software output for Structure, Treemix, and DIYABC is also included. See README.txt for more information about individual files. Results of this study are described in a manuscript in revision in Annals of Botany by the same authors, "Population structure of Miscanthus sacchariflorus reveals two major polyploidization events, tetraploid-mediated unidirectional introgression from diploid Miscanthus sinensis, and diversity centered around the Yellow Sea."

The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes multivariate correlations in leaf structural, physiological and chemical traits, originally based on diverse C3 species grown under natural ecosystems. However, the specific contribution of C4 species to the global LES is studied less widely. C4 species have a CO2 concentrating mechanism which drives high rates of photosynthesis and improves resource use efficiency, thus potentially pushing them towards the edge of the LES. Here, we measured foliage morphology, structure, photosynthesis, and nutrient content for hundreds of genotypes of the C4 grass Miscanthus × giganteus grown in two common gardens over two seasons. We show substantial trait variations across M. × giganteus genotypes and robust genotypic trait relationships. Compared to the global LES, M. × giganteus genotypes had higher photosynthetic rates, lower stomatal conductance, and less nitrogen content, indicating greater water and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency in the C4 species. Additionally, tetraploid genotypes produced thicker leaves with greater leaf mass per area and lower leaf density than triploid genotypes. By expanding the LES relationships across C3 species to include C4 crops, these findings highlight that M. × giganteus occupies the boundary of the global LES and suggest the potential for ploidy to alter LES traits.