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Chemical-free pretreatments are attracting increased interest because they generate less inhibitor in hydrolysates. In this study, pilot-scaled continuous hydrothermal (PCH) pretreatment followed by disk refining was evaluated and compared to laboratory-scale batch hot water (LHW) pretreatment. Bioenergy sorghum bagasse (BSB) was pretreated at 160-190 °C for 10 min with and without subsequent disk milling. Hydrothermal pretreatment and disk milling synergistically improved glucose and xylose release by 10-20% compared to hydrothermal pretreatment alone. Maximum yields of glucose and xylose of 82.55% and 70.78%, respectively were achieved, when BSB was pretreated at 190 °C and 180 °C followed by disk milling. LHW pretreated BSB had 5-15% higher sugar yields compared to PCH for all pretreatment conditions. The surface area improvement was also performed. PCH pretreatment combined with disk milling increased BSB surface area by 31.80-106.93%, which was greater than observed using LHW pretreatment.

Enclosed in this dataset are transport data of kagome connected artificial spin ice networks composed of permalloy nanowires. The data herein are reproductions of the data seen in Appendix B of the dissertation titled "Magnetotransport of Connected Artificial Spin Ice". Field sweeps with the magnetic field applied in-plane were performed in 5 degree increments for armchair orientation kagome artificial spin ice and zigzag orientation kagome artificial spin ice.

These data files were used for phylogenomic analyses of Darnini and related Membracidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) in the referenced article by Gonzalez-Mozo et al. - The "mem_50p_alignment.fas" file contains the aligned, concatenated nucleotide sequence data for 51 species and 492 genetic loci included in the phylogenetic analyses ("N" indicates missing data and "-" indicates an alignment gap). - The file "Table1.rtf" lists the included species, country of origin and genbank accession number. Species newly sequenced for this study have a Sample ID with prefix "DAR"; previously sequenced species for which data were downloaded from genbank have "NCBI" indicated in the same column of the table. - The file "partition_def.txt" lists the 492 genetic loci included in the alignment with their exact positions indicated by the range of numbers given at the end of each line (e.g., locus "uce-1" occupies positions 1-280 in the alignment). - The substitution model file "mem_50p.model" contains information on the substitution models used in the partitioned maximum likelihood analysis, including the models used for different data partitions and parameter values, as output by the phylogenetic software IQ-TREE. - Individual tree files in Newick format (plain text) are provided for the phylogeny from concatenated analysis with the best likelihood score ("mem_50p_bestLikelihoodScore"), concatenated likelihood analysis with gene concordance factors ("mem_50p_gcf") and site concordance factors ("mem_50p_scf"). - The tree file from the ASTRAL analysis is "mem_50p_astral". - The zip archive entitled “IQ-TREE analysis results.zip” includes output from the maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated nucleotide sequence data, including the following: (1) main output file “mem_50p.iqtree” summarizing model selection, partitioning schemes, likelihood scores, and run parameters; (2) “mem_50p.mldist” including pairwise ML distances between taxa; (3) “mem_50p.best_scheme.nex” with the best partitioning scheme identified by ModelFinder in NEXUS format and (4) “mem_50p.best_scheme” the RAxM-compatible version of the same file. - The “Ultrafast bootstrap results.zip” zip archive contains: (1) “mem_50p.ufboot” with the bootstrap replicate trees; (2) “mem_50p.contree” with the majority-rule consensus tree with support values; (3) “mem_50p.splits.nex”, with split support values across the replicates; (4) “mem_50p.log” is the log file. - The “gene_trees.zip” zip archive contains the individual gene trees as input for subsequent coalescent gene tree analysis in the phylogenetic program ASTRAL. - The file "DarniniAHE_Character Matrix.csv" contains the data for 6 morphological characters for which the ancestral states were reconstructed using the phylogenetic results from analysis of anchored-hybrid data (see article text for details). - The file "scriptACRDarnini.txt" contains the commands used to reconstruct ancestral morphological characters states using the corHMM 2.8 R package. See the Methods section of the article for more details.

Atomic oxygen data from SCIAMACHY, for the MLT, 2002-2012, averaged for 26, 14 day periods, beginning January 1.

This dataset contains BEPAM model code and input data to the replicate the results for "Assessing the Returns to Land and Greenhouse Gas Savings from Producing Energy Crops on Conservation Reserve Program Land." The dataset consists of: (1) The replication codes and data for the BEPAM model. The code file is named as output_0213-2020_Complete_daycent-agversion-[rental payment level]%_[biomass price].gms. (BEPAM-CRP model-Sep2020.zip) (2) Simulation results from the BEPAM model (BEPAM_Simulation_Results.csv) * Item (1) is in GAMS format. Item (2) is in text format.

Recent advancements in monocot transformation, using leaf tissue as explant material, have expanded the number of grass species capable of transgenesis. However, the complexity of vectors and reliance on inducible excision of essential morphogenic regulators have so far limited widespread application. Plant RNA viruses, such as Foxtail Mosaic Virus (FoMV), present a unique opportunity to express morphogenic regulator genes, such as Babyboom (Bbm), Wuschel2 (Wus2), Wuschel-like homeobox protein 2a (Wox2a) and the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 4 (GRF4) GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (GIF1) fusion protein transiently in leaf explant tissues. Furthermore, altruistic delivery of conventional and viral vectors could provide opportunities to simplify vectors used for leaf transformation—facilitating vector optimization and reducing reliance on morphogenic regulator gene integration. In this study, both viral and conventional T-DNA vectors were tested for their ability to promote the formation of embryonic calli, a critical step in leaf transformation protocols, using Sorghum bicolor leaf explants. Although conventional leaf transformation vectors yielded viable embryonic calli (43.2 ± 2.9%: GRF4-GIF1, 50.2 ± 3%: Bbm/Wus2), altruistic conventional vectors employing the GRF4-GIF1 morphogenic regulator resulted in improved efficiencies (61.3 ± 4.7%). Altruistic delivery was further enhanced with the use of viral vectors employing both GRF4-GIF1 and Bbm/Wus2 regulators, resulting in 75.1 ± 2.3% and 79.2 ± 2.5% embryonic calli formation, respectively. Embryonic calli generated from both conventional and viral vectors produced shoots expressing fluorescent reporters, which were confirmed using molecular analysis. This work provides an important proof-of-concept for the use of both altruistic vectors and viral-expressed morphogenic regulators for improving plant transformation.

This is a simulated sequence dataset generated using INDELible and processed via a sequence fragmentation procedure.

Landscape attributes of the nineteen sites as supplemental data for the following article: Bennett, A.B., Lovell, S.T. 2019. Landscape and local site variables differentially influence pollinators and pollination services in urban agricultural sites. Accepted for publication in: PLOS ONE.

Data for "Generic character of charge and spin density waves in superconducting cuprates". - Neutron scattering data for SDW - RSXS scans of CDW of LESCO x=0.10, 0.125, 0.15, 0.17, 0.20 at various temperatures. - Temperature dependence of CDW peak intensity, correlation length, Qcdw (Lorentzian fit, S(q,T) fit, Landau-Ginzburg fit) - XAS data of LESCO x=0.10, 0.125, 0.15, 0.17, 0.20

These data were collected in 2018 and 2019 at the University of Illinois Energy Farm (N 40.063607, W 88.206926). During each growing season, bulk and rhizosphere soil were collected from replicate Sorghum bicolor nitrogen use efficiency trial plots at three separate time points (approximately July 1, August 1, and September 1). We measured soil moisture, pH, soil nitrate and ammonium, potential nitrification, potential denitrification, and extracted and sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene for microbial community analysis. All microbial sequence data is archived in the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (accession number SRP326979, project number PRJNA741261).

Rhodotorula toruloides has been increasingly explored as a host for bioproduction of lipids, fatty acid derivatives and terpenoids. Various genetic tools have been developed, but neither a centromere nor an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), both necessary elements for stable episomal plasmid maintenance, has yet been reported. In this study, cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN), a method used for genome-wide mapping of DNA–protein interactions, was used to identify R. toruloides IFO0880 genomic regions associated with the centromeric histone H3 protein Cse4, a marker of centromeric DNA. Fifteen putative centromeres ranging from 8 to 19 kb in length were identified and analyzed, and four were tested for, but did not show, ARS activity. These centromeric sequences contained below average GC content, corresponded to transcriptional cold spots, were primarily nonrepetitive and shared some vestigial transposon-related sequences but otherwise did not show significant sequence conservation. Future efforts to identify an ARS in this yeast can utilize these centromeric DNA sequences to improve the stability of episomal plasmids derived from putative ARS elements.

The bee visitation data includes the percentage of each bee pollinator group in bee bowls and observed. The data are referenced in the article with the following citation: Bennett, A.B., Lovell, S.T. 2019. Landscape and local site variables differentially influence pollinators and pollination services in urban agricultural sites. Accepted for publication in: PLOS ONE.

Genotype calls are provided for a collection of 583 Miscanthus sinensis clones across 1,108,836 loci mapped to version 7 of the Miscanthus sinensis reference genome. Sequence and alignment information for all unique RAD tags is also provided to facilitate cross-referencing to other genomes.

The success of a bioenergy policy relies largely on the wide adoption of perennial energy crops at the farm scale. This study uses survey data to examine potential adoption decisions by farmers in the U.S. Midwest and the causal effects of various direct and indirect influencing factors, especially heterogeneous preferences of farmers. A Bayesian network (BN) model is developed to delineate the causal relationship between farmers adoption decisions and the influencing factors. We find a dominating role of economic factors and a non-negligible impact of non-economic factors, such as the perceived environmental benefits and the extent of familiarity with perennial energy crops. To examine the effect of heterogeneity in farmer preferences, we classify the surveyed farmers into four categories based on their attitudes toward the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of perennial energy crops. We identified statistically significant between-group differences in the responses of the four types of farmers to the various influencing factors. Our findings contribute to disentangling the complicated motivations that will influence perennial energy crop adoption decisions and provide implications for more targeted policy development that need to consider the heterogeneous drivers of farmer decisions about land use.

Sixty undergraduate STEM lecture classes were observed across 14 departments at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 2015 and 2016. We selected the classes to observe using purposive sampling techniques with the objectives of (1) collecting classroom observations that were representative of the STEM courses offered; (2) conducting observations on non-test, typical class days; and (3) comparing these classroom observations using the Class Observation Protocol for Undergraduate STEM (COPUS) to record the presence and frequency of active learning practices utilized by Community of Practice (CoP) and non-CoP instructors. Decimal values are the result of combined observations. All COPUS codes listed are from Smith (2013) "The Classroom Observation Protocol for Undergraduate STEM (COPUS): A New Instrument to Characterize STEM Classroom Practices" paper. For more information on the data collection process, see "Evidence that communities of practice are associated with active learning in large STEM lectures" by Tomkin et. al. (2019) in the International Journal of STEM Education.

This dataset contains all data used in the paper "Impact of genotype-calling methodologies on genome-wide association and genomic prediction in polyploids". The dataset includes genotypes and phenotypic data from two autotetraploid species Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Vaccinium corymbosum that was used used for genome wide association studies and genomic prediction and the scripts used in the analysis. In this V2, 2 files have the raw data are added: "Miscanthus_sacchariflorus_RADSeq.vcf" is the VCF file with the raw SNP calls of the Miscanthus sacchariflorus data used for genotype calling using the 6 genotype calling methods. "Blueberry_data_read_depths.RData" is the a RData file with the read depth data that was used for genotype calling in the Blueberry dataset.

During the transformation of wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis thaliana, a T-DNA containing OLEOSIN-GFP (OLE1-GFP) was inserted by happenstance within the GBSS1 gene, resulting in significant reduction in amylose and increase in leaf oil content in the transgenic line (OG). The synergistic effect on oil accumulation of combining gbss1 with the expression of OLE1-GFP was confirmed by transforming an independent gbss1 mutant (GABI_914G01) with OLE1-GFP. The resulting OLE1-GFP/gbss1 transgenic lines showed higher leaf oil content than the individual OLE1-GFP/WT or single gbss1 mutant lines. Further stacking of the lipogenic factors WRINKLED1, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase (DGAT1), and Cys-OLEOSIN1 (an engineered sesame OLEOSIN1) in OG significantly elevated its oil content in mature leaves to 2.3% of dry weight, which is 15 times higher than that in WT Arabidopsis. Inducible expression of the same lipogenic factors was shown to be an effective strategy for triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation without incurring growth, development, and yield penalties.

Author-ity 2009 baseline dataset. Prepared by Vetle Torvik 2009-12-03 The dataset comes in the form of 18 compressed (.gz) linux text files named authority2009.part00.gz - authority2009.part17.gz. The total size should be ~17.4GB uncompressed. &bull; How was the dataset created? The dataset is based on a snapshot of PubMed (which includes Medline and PubMed-not-Medline records) taken in July 2009. A total of 19,011,985 Article records and 61,658,514 author name instances. Each instance of an author name is uniquely represented by the PMID and the position on the paper (e.g., 10786286_3 is the third author name on PMID 10786286). Thus, each cluster is represented by a collection of author name instances. The instances were first grouped into "blocks" by last name and first name initial (including some close variants), and then each block was separately subjected to clustering. Details are described in <i>Torvik, V., & Smalheiser, N. (2009). Author name disambiguation in MEDLINE. ACM Transactions On Knowledge Discovery From Data, 3(3), doi:10.1145/1552303.1552304</i> <i>Torvik, V. I., Weeber, M., Swanson, D. R., & Smalheiser, N. R. (2005). A Probabilistic Similarity Metric for Medline Records: A Model for Author Name Disambiguation. Journal Of The American Society For Information Science & Technology, 56(2), 140-158. doi:10.1002/asi.20105</i> Note that for Author-ity 2009, some new predictive features (e.g., grants, citations matches, temporal, affiliation phrases) and a post-processing merging procedure were applied (to capture name variants not capture during blocking e.g. matches for subsets of compound last name matches, and nicknames with different first initial like Bill and William), and a temporal feature was used -- this has not yet been written up for publication. &bull; How accurate is the 2009 dataset (compared to 2006 and 2009)? The recall reported for 2006 of 98.8% has been much improved in 2009 (because common last name variants are now captured). Compared to 2006, both years 2008 and 2009 overall seem to exhibit a higher rate of splitting errors but lower rate of lumping errors. This reflects an overall decrease in prior probabilites -- possibly because e.g. a) new prior estimation procedure that avoid wild estimates (by dampening the magnitude of iterative changes); b) 2008 and 2009 included items in Pubmed-not-Medline (including in-process items); and c) and the dramatic (exponential) increase in frequencies of some names (J. Lee went from ~16,000 occurrences in 2006 to 26,000 in 2009.) Although, splitting is reduced in 2009 for some special cases like NIH funded investigators who list their grant number of their papers. Compared to 2008, splitting errors were reduced overall in 2009 while maintaining the same level of lumping errors. &bull; What is the format of the dataset? The cluster summaries for 2009 are much more extenstive than the 2008 dataset. Each line corresponds to a predicted author-individual represented by cluster of author name instances and a summary of all the corresponding papers and author name variants (and if there are > 10 papers in the cluster, an identical summary of the 10 most recent papers). Each cluster has a unique Author ID (which is uniquely identified by the PMID of the earliest paper in the cluster and the author name position. The summary has the following tab-delimited fields: 1. blocks separated by '||'; each block may consist of multiple lastname-first initial variants separated by '|' 2. prior probabilities of the respective blocks separated by '|' 3. Cluster number relative to the block ordered by cluster size (some are listed as 'CLUSTER X' when they were derived from multiple blocks) 4. Author ID (or cluster ID) e.g., bass_c_9731334_2 represents a cluster where 9731334_2 is the earliest author name instance. Although not needed for uniqueness, the id also has the most frequent lastname_firstinitial (lowercased). 5. cluster size (number of author name instances on papers) 6. name variants separated by '|' with counts in parenthesis. Each variant of the format lastname_firstname middleinitial, suffix 7. last name variants separated by '|' 8. first name variants separated by '|' 9. middle initial variants separated by '|' ('-' if none) 10. suffix variants separated by '|' ('-' if none) 11. email addresses separated by '|' ('-' if none) 12. range of years (e.g., 1997-2009) 13. Top 20 most frequent affiliation words (after stoplisting and tokenizing; some phrases are also made) with counts in parenthesis; separated by '|'; ('-' if none) 14. Top 20 most frequent MeSH (after stoplisting; "-") with counts in parenthesis; separated by '|'; ('-' if none) 15. Journals with counts in parenthesis (separated by "|"), 16. Top 20 most frequent title words (after stoplisting and tokenizing) with counts in parenthesis; separated by '|'; ('-' if none) 17. Co-author names (lowercased lastname and first/middle initials) with counts in parenthesis; separated by '|'; ('-' if none) 18. Co-author IDs with counts in parenthesis; separated by '|'; ('-' if none) 19. Author name instances (PMID_auno separated '|') 20. Grant IDs (after normalization; "-" if none given; separated by "|"), 21. Total number of times cited. (Citations are based on references extracted from PMC). 22. h-index 23. Citation counts (e.g., for h-index): PMIDs by the author that have been cited (with total citation counts in parenthesis); separated by "|" 24. Cited: PMIDs that the author cited (with counts in parenthesis) separated by "|" 25. Cited-by: PMIDs that cited the author (with counts in parenthesis) separated by "|" 26-47. same summary as for 4-25 except that the 10 most recent papers were used (based on year; so if paper 10, 11, 12... have the same year, one is selected arbitrarily)

This page provides the data for SuperFine, DACTAL, and BeeTLe publications. - Swenson, M. Shel, et al. "SuperFine: fast and accurate supertree estimation." Systematic biology 61.2 (2012): 214. - Nguyen, Nam, Siavash Mirarab, and Tandy Warnow. "MRL and SuperFine+ MRL: new supertree methods." Algorithms for Molecular Biology 7 (2012): 1-13. - Neves, Diogo Telmo, et al. "Parallelizing superfine." Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. 2012. - Nelesen, Serita, et al. "DACTAL: divide-and-conquer trees (almost) without alignments." Bioinformatics 28.12 (2012): i274-i282. - Liu, Kevin, and Tandy Warnow. "Treelength optimization for phylogeny estimation." PLoS One 7.3 (2012): e33104.

Mitochondria play a key role in energy production and metabolism, making them a promising target for metabolic engineering and disease treatment. However, despite the known influence of passenger proteins on localization efficiency, only a few protein-localization tags have been characterized for mitochondrial targeting. To address this limitation, we leverage a Variational Autoencoder to design novel mitochondrial targeting sequences. In silico analysis reveals that a high fraction of the generated peptides (90.14%) are functional and possess features important for mitochondrial targeting. We characterize artificial peptides in four eukaryotic organisms and, as a proof-of-concept, demonstrate their utility in increasing 3-hydroxypropionic acid titers through pathway compartmentalization and improving 5-aminolevulinate synthase delivery by 1.62-fold and 4.76-fold, respectively. Moreover, we employ latent space interpolation to shed light on the evolutionary origins of dual-targeting sequences. Overall, our work demonstrates the potential of generative artificial intelligence for both fundamental research and practical applications in mitochondrial biology.

Prepared by Vetle Torvik 2018-04-15 The dataset comes as a single tab-delimited ASCII encoded file, and should be about 717MB uncompressed. &bull; How was the dataset created? First and last names of authors in the Author-ity 2009 dataset was processed through several tools to predict ethnicities and gender, including Ethnea+Genni as described in: <i>Torvik VI, Agarwal S. Ethnea -- an instance-based ethnicity classifier based on geocoded author names in a large-scale bibliographic database. International Symposium on Science of Science March 22-23, 2016 - Library of Congress, Washington, DC, USA. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/88927</i> <i>Smith, B., Singh, M., & Torvik, V. (2013). A search engine approach to estimating temporal changes in gender orientation of first names. Proceedings Of The ACM/IEEE Joint Conference On Digital Libraries, (JCDL 2013 - Proceedings of the 13th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries), 199-208. doi:10.1145/2467696.2467720</i> EthnicSeer: http://singularity.ist.psu.edu/ethnicity <i>Treeratpituk P, Giles CL (2012). Name-Ethnicity Classification and Ethnicity-Sensitive Name Matching. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1141-1147). AAAI-12. Toronto, ON, Canada</i> SexMachine 0.1.1: <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/SexMachine/">https://pypi.org/project/SexMachine</a> First names, for some Author-ity records lacking them, were harvested from outside bibliographic databases. &bull; The code and back-end data is periodically updated and made available for query at <a href ="http://abel.ischool.illinois.edu">Torvik Research Group</a> &bull; What is the format of the dataset? The dataset contains 9,300,182 rows and 10 columns 1. auid: unique ID for Authors in Author-ity 2009 (PMID_authorposition) 2. name: full name used as input to EthnicSeer) 3. EthnicSeer: predicted ethnicity; ARA, CHI, ENG, FRN, GER, IND, ITA, JAP, KOR, RUS, SPA, VIE, XXX 4. prop: decimal between 0 and 1 reflecting the confidence of the EthnicSeer prediction 5. lastname: used as input for Ethnea+Genni 6. firstname: used as input for Ethnea+Genni 7. Ethnea: predicted ethnicity; either one of 26 (AFRICAN, ARAB, BALTIC, CARIBBEAN, CHINESE, DUTCH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, GREEK, HISPANIC, HUNGARIAN, INDIAN, INDONESIAN, ISRAELI, ITALIAN, JAPANESE, KOREAN, MONGOLIAN, NORDIC, POLYNESIAN, ROMANIAN, SLAV, THAI, TURKISH, VIETNAMESE) or two ethnicities (e.g., SLAV-ENGLISH), or UNKNOWN (if no one or two dominant predictons), or TOOSHORT (if both first and last name are too short) 8. Genni: predicted gender; 'F', 'M', or '-' 9. SexMac: predicted gender based on third-party Python program (default settings except case_sensitive=False); female, mostly_female, andy, mostly_male, male) 10. SSNgender: predicted gender based on US SSN data; 'F', 'M', or '-'

The dataset consists of results and various input data that are used in the GAMS model for the publication "Repeal of the Clean Power Plan: Social Cost and Distributional Implications". All the data are either excel files or in the .inc format which can be read within GAMS or Notepad. Main data sources include: agriculture, transportation and electricity data. Model details can be found in the paper and the GAMS model package.

Sugarcane, a tropical C4 grass in the genus Saccharum (Poaceae), accounts for nearly 80% of sugar produced worldwide and is also an important feedstock for biofuel production. Generating transgenic sugarcane with predictable and stable transgene expression is critical for crop improvement. In this study, we generated a highly expressed single copy locus as landing pad for transgene stacking. Transgenic sugarcane lines with stable integration of a single copy nptII expression cassette flanked by insulators supported higher transgene expression along with reduced line to line variation when compared to single copy events without insulators by NPTII ELISA analysis. Subsequently, the nptII selectable marker gene was efficiently excised from the sugarcane genome by the FLPe/FRT site-specific recombination system to create selectable marker free plants. This study provides valuable resources for future gene stacking using site-specific recombination or genome editing tools.

Raw MD simulation trajectory, input and configuration files, SEM current data, and experimental raw data accompanying the publication, "Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore". README.md contains a description of all associated files.

This dataset contains collected and aggregated network information from NCSA’s Blue Waters system, which is comprised of 27,648 nodes connected via Cray Gemini* 3D torus (dimension 24x24x24) interconnect, from Jan/01/2017 to May/31/2017. Network performance counters for links are exposed via Cray's gpcdr (<a href="https://github.com/ovis-hpc/ovis/wiki/gpcdr-kernel-module">https://github.com/ovis-hpc/ovis/wiki/gpcdr-kernel-module</a>) kernel module. Lightweight Distributed Metric Service ([LDMS](<a href="https://github.com/ovis-hpc/ovis">https://github.com/ovis-hpc/ovis</a>)) is used to sampled the performance counters at 60 second intervals. Please read "README.md" file. <b>Acknowledgement:</b> This dataset is collected as a part of the Blue Waters sustained-petascale computing project, which is supported by the National Science Foundation and the state of Illinois. Blue Waters is a joint effort of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and its National Center for Supercomputing Applications.