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Raw data from the article "Pharmacological stimulation of infralimbic cortex after fear conditioning facilitates subsequent fear extinction", published in Neuropsychopharmacology in 2024.

This dataset contains all the raw data, figures, and Prism files corresponding to each experiment performed for the paper “Hippocampal ensembles regulate circuit-induced relapse of extinguished fear.”

We developed a sequential single-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) workflow that enables endogenous lipid profiling in the first step, followed by cell-type classification of the same cells via immunocytochemistry in the second step. This stepwise approach integrates high-throughput single-cell analysis enabled by microMS with multiplex immunolabeling using photocleavable mass tags (PCMTs), which are antibodies conjugated to peptide mass reporters that are photoreleased and then detected by MALDI-MS. This platform combines the strengths of untargeted chemical profiling with targeted marker-based cell identification, allowing characterization of the cells’ endogenous metabolic activity, followed by cell classification using well-established immunomarkers. Here, we provide the raw data, mzML-converted files, and LC-MS/MS data from rodent hippocampal cells as described in the manuscript.

This dataset includes three data files for linking species' climate sensitivity, trait combinations, and listing status. It contains species occurrence data within Hydrologic Unit Code 12 (HUC12) watersheds, along with trait information and Rarity and Climate Sensitivity (RCS) index scores for lotic caddisflies, stoneflies, mussels, dragonflies, and crayfish across all Midwest Climate Adaptation Science Center states: Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. For mussels, the geographic scope is expanded to include all Midwest Regional Species of Greatest Conservation Need (RSGCN) states—North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Kentucky. However, occurrence data for mussels is not included due to data-sharing agreements. Metadata are included with each data file. Please refer to the associated manuscript for original data sources, trait references, and details on the RCS index calculation.

This dataset consists of a citation graph. It was constructed by downloading and parsing the Works section of the Open Alex catalog of the global research system. Open Alex (see citation below) contains detailed information about scholarly research, including articles, authors, journals, institutions, and their relationships. The data were downloaded on 2024-07-15. The dataset comprises two compressed (.xz) files. 1) filename: openalexID_integer_id_hasDOI.parquet.xz. The tabular data within contains three columns: openalex_id, integer_id, and hasDOI. Each row represents a record with the following data types: • openalex_id: A unique identifier from the Open Alex catalog. • integer_id: An integer representing the new identifier (assigned by the authors) • hasDOI: An integer (0 or 1) indicating whether the record has a DOI (0 for no, 1 for yes). 2) filename: citation_table.tsv.xz This edgelist of citations has two columns (no header) of integer values that represent citing and cited integer_id, respectively. Summary Features • Total Nodes (Documents): 256,997,006 • Total Edges (citations): 2,148,871,058 • Documents with DOIs: 163,495,446 • Edges between documents with DOIs: 1,936,722,541 [corrected to 2,148,788,148 edges Nov 13, 2025] • Count of unique nodes in edgelist 111,453,719 [updated Nov 13, 2025] Note: Nov 13, 2025. An improved curation process will be applied to a future version of this dataset Note: Nov 13, 2025. The code used to generate these files can be found here: https://github.com/illinois-or-research-analytics/lorran_openalex/

This dataset contains all the raw and processed data used to generate the figures presented in the main text and the supplementary information of the paper "Operation of a high frequency, phase slip qubit." It also includes code for data analysis and code for generating the figures. <b>Note:</b> V2 includes time domain analysis that also accounts for the thermal dephasing from the f state (see readme in Time domain Device A).

The requirement of in vitro tissue culture for the delivery of gene editing reagents limits the application of gene editing to commercially relevant varieties of many crop species. To overcome this bottleneck, plant RNA viruses have been deployed as versatile tools for in planta delivery of recombinant RNA. Viral delivery of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to transgenic plants that stably express CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease has been successfully used for targeted mutagenesis in several dicotyledonous and few monocotyledonous plants. Progress with this approach in monocotyledonous plants is limited so far by the availability of effective viral vectors. We engineered a set of foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) and barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) vectors to deliver the fluorescent protein AmCyan to track viral infection and movement in Sorghum bicolor. We further used these viruses to deliver and express sgRNAs to Cas9 and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) expressing transgenic sorghum lines, targeting Phytoene desaturase (PDS), Magnesium-chelatase subunit I (MgCh), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, orthologs of maize Lemon white1 (Lw1) or GFP. The recombinant BSMV did neither infect sorghum nor deliver or express AmCyan and sgRNAs. In contrast, the recombinant FoMV systemically spread throughout sorghum plants and induced somatic mutations with frequencies reaching up to 60%. This mutagenesis led to visible phenotypic changes, demonstrating the potential of FoMV for in planta gene editing and functional genomics studies in sorghum.

Cellulosic biomass-based sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) can be produced from various feedstocks. The breakeven price and carbon intensity of these feedstock-to-SAF pathways are likely to differ across feedstocks and across spatial locations due to differences in feedstock attributes, productivity, opportunity costs of land for feedstock production, soil carbon effects, and feedstock composition. We integrate feedstock to fuel supply chain economics and life-cycle carbon accounting using the same system boundary to quantify and compare the spatially varying greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities and costs of GHG abatement with SAFs derived from four feedstocks (switchgrass, miscanthus, energy sorghum, and corn stover) at 4 km resolution across the U.S. rainfed region. We show that the optimal feedstock for each location differs depending on whether the incentive is to lower breakeven price, carbon intensity, or cost of carbon abatement with biomass or to have high biomass production per unit land. The cost of abating GHG emissions with SAF ranges from $181 Mg−1 CO2e to more than $444 Mg−1 CO2e and is lowest with miscanthus in the Midwest, switchgrass in the south, and energy sorghum in a relatively small region in the Great Plains. While corn stover-based SAF has the lowest breakeven price per gallon, it has the highest cost of abatement due to its relatively high GHG intensity. Our findings imply that different types of policies, such as volumetric targets, tax credits, and low carbon fuel standards, will differ in the mix of feedstocks they incentivize and locations where they are produced in the U.S. rainfed region. <b>Note: Column V in TableS7_DayCentSimulatedYield.csv should be labelled Corn Stover CoSo-NT-50% Max.</b>

Herein we report the production of high-pressure (19.3 bar), carbon-negative hydrogen (H2) from glycerol with a purity of 98.2 mol% H2, 1.8 mol% light hydrocarbons (mainly methane), and 400 ppm of CO. Aqueous phase reforming (APR) of 10 wt% glycerol solution was studied with a series of NiPt alumina bimetallic catalysts supported on alumina. The Ni8Pt1-450 catalyst had the highest hydrogen selectivity (95.6%) and the lowest alkanes selectivity (3.7%) of the tested catalysts. The hydrogen selectivity decreased in the order of Ni8Pt1-450 > Ni8Pt1-260 > Ni1Pt1-260 > Pt-260. The CO2 was sequestered with CaO adsorbent which formed CaCO3. We measured the adsorption capacity of the CaO adsorbent at different temperatures. Life cycle analysis showed that the APR of glycerol coupled with CO2 capture has net negative CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions. The CO2 emissions are −9.9 kg CO2 eq./kg H2 and −50.1 kg CO2 eq./kg H2 when grid electricity and renewable electricity are used, respectively, and the CO2 is allocated respectively to the mass of products produced. The cost of this H2 (denoted as “green-emerald”) was estimated to be 2.4 USD per kg H2 when grid electricity is used and 2.7 USD per kg H2 when using renewable electricity. The cost of glycerol has the highest contribution of 1.71 USD per kg H2. Participation in the carbon credit markets can further decrease the price of the produced H2.

This repository contains supplementary information, alternate genome assemblies, annotation, and predicted protein datasets for Notothenia coriiceps and Paranotothenia angustata genome assemblies. Primary assemblies, mitochondrial assemblies, RNA-Seq data, and raw read data can be found under NCBI Bioproject PRJNA1310647.

We present a three-year archival, longitudinal dataset of YouTube Trending videos, collected from July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2025, four retrieval per day. This collection, a unique historical record of digital culture in transition, includes 446,971 snapshots from 104 countries, encompassing 726,627 unique videos and their associated metadata. Each record includes collection timestamp, geographic region, video ranking, core identifiers (video ID, channel ID, category), content metadata (title, description, tags, localization), language information, live status, view and comment counts. Full documentation: https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.23645 Unlike previous datasets with limited geographic scope or short timeframes, our data offers exceptional coverage for cross-national and longitudinal analyses of digital culture. This non-personalized data corpus provides an irreplaceable baseline for understanding crisis communication, platform governance or temporal shifts in content popularity.

This dataset accompanies the research paper "Nine circles of elastic brittle fracture: A series of challenge problems to assess fracture models" by Kamarei, Zeng, Dolbow, and Lopez-Pamies, CMAME (2026). The dataset contains computational mesh files, figure data, and supporting materials for nine standardized challenge problems designed to assess fracture models in isotropic elastic brittle materials under quasi-static loading conditions. The nine challenge problems span the complete range of fracture nucleation and propagation mechanisms: strength nucleation (uniaxial tension, biaxial tension, torsion), Griffith nucleation (pure-shear, double cantilever beam, trousers), and strength-Griffith mediated nucleation (single edge notch, indentation, poker-chip). The dataset includes: High-quality mesh files for all nine challenge problems Figure data and results for both linear elastic (soda-lime glass) and non-linear elastic (PU elastomer) brittle materials

Aging-related yield decline in Miscanthus × giganteus (miscanthus) remains a major constraint to sustainable biomass production. This study evaluated how nitrogen (N) management and soil fertility influence yield-component traits and productivity in aging miscanthus. Trials were conducted at two sites established in 2008 at the University of Illinois Energy Farm, Urbana, IL. (i) The Sun Grant trial received 0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1 annually until 2015. Starting 2021, half of each plot received 60 or 120 kg N ha−1, resulting in six legacy-contemporary treatments: 0N–0N, 0N–120N, 60N–0N, 60N–60N, 120N–0N, 120N–120N. (ii) The Energy Farm trial remained unfertilized until 2014, when one half of each plot received 56 kg N ha−1, forming two treatments: 0N–0N, 0N–56N. Sun Grant trial results showed N fertilization increased tiller density (tillers m−2) and tiller weight (g tiller−1) in juvenile to early-mature miscanthus (2011–2015). After N withdrawal, both traits declined (20 % and 40 %), though legacy effects persisted in tiller weight in the aging stands (2020–2023). Contemporary N had little effect on tiller density but increased tiller weight by 34 %–77 %, resulting in 23 %–106 % higher machine-harvested biomass yield in 0–120N, 60-60N, and 120-120N plots. At the Energy Farm trial, 0N–56N plots yielded 59 %–108 % more biomass than 0N–0N. Soil total N increased (Sun Grant: 47 % by 2020; Energy Farm: 58 % by 2023), while Mehlich-3 P (42 %–44 %) and K (21 %–46 %) declined. These findings identify tiller weight as a key determinant of biomass yield in aging miscanthus and highlight the need for P and K management for long-term productivity.

Oilcane is an engineered sugarcane with the ability to hyper-accumulate vegetative lipids. It is processed to obtain juice and bagasse as a potential substrate for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. The juice comprises solid particles that are separated as waste mud before the fermentation of the juice. In this study, the oilcane waste mud (OWM) generated from 1000 liters of oilcane juice was quantified and evaluated as a potential resource for recovering biobased waxes. Hexane and ethyl acetate were evaluated as two different solvents for extracting waxes from OWM followed by its purification using acetone. The extracted biobased wax samples were characterized for their chemical and thermal profiles which were then compared with commercial natural waxes. Detailed mass balance shows that 53.6 ± 2.6 kg (dry basis) of solid OWM gets generated upon processing 1000 L (~1068 kg) of oilcane juice. Hexane and ethyl acetate led to a crude wax yield of 25.6 ± 0.2% and 16.6 ± 0.4% (wt/wt, dry basis) respectively from OWM at the end of 8 h. The relative purification of the wax samples was reported in the range of 58%–65% (wt/wt). The purified OWM wax has a melting point of 74.7°C. The waste mud was valorized as a source of biobased waxes with characteristic chemical and thermal profiles comparable to commercial natural waxes (carnauba and beeswax). Considering the decline in the supply of petroleum wax in the future coupled with the switch to “greener” alternative products by consumers, OWM could be a valuable source of natural wax in the industrial sector reducing the dependence on petroleum waxes. Eventually, recovering biobased wax as a co-product from OWM would bring in an additional stream of revenue leading to the development of a zero-waste biorefinery based on bioenergy crops.

Sugarcane is being enhanced as a bioenergy crop by engineering it to accumulate and store lipids along with polymeric sugars in vegetative tissues. However, there is no existing process that allows for processing this new crop to recover both lipid and cellulosic sugars from the oilcane bagasse. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation of two pretreatment methods—natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) and chemical-free hydrothermal pretreatment (HT) was conducted to judge their suitability for recovering fermentable sugars, lipids, and lignin from bagasse. Two NADES, i.e., choline chloride: lactic acid (ChCl:LA) and betaine: lactic acid (BT:LA) were prepared using a 1:2 M ratio and were evaluated for pretreatment of oilcane bagasse at 10, 20, and 50 % (w/w) solids, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis at 10 % (w/w) solids. Notably, ChCl:LA NADES treatment at 10 % (w/w) solids at 140 °C for 2 h, solubilized 78.8 % of lignin and 80.4 % of hemicellulose and allowed 82.7 % enzymatic conversion of glucans to glucose. In contrast, HT pretreatment removed approximately 87.6 % of the hemicellulose and provided an enzymatic glucose yield of 69.7 %. Furthermore, ChCl:LA operated at 50 % solids loading the enriched lipids 2.6-fold (9.2 wt%) in recovered solids compared to HT (6.4 %) and BT:LA (5.1 %) pretreatment processes. NMR-HSQC and GPC analysis showed that ChCl:LA also cleaved the most lignin β–O–4 linkages and demonstrated lower molecular weight compared to HT. This study demonstrates that NADES pretreatment is an effective green processing method for recovering lipids, sugars, and lignin from bioenergy crops at high solid loading (50 % w/w) within the context of an integrated biorefinery.

Compositional characterization of biomass is vital for the biofuel industry. Traditional wet chemistry-based methods for analyzing biomass composition are laborious, time-consuming, and require extensive use of chemical reagents as well as highly skilled personnel. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to quickly assess the composition of above-ground vegetative biomass from 113 diverse, photoperiod-sensitive, biomass-type sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) accessions cultivated under field conditions in Central Illinois. Biomass samples were analyzed using NIR spectra collected in the spectral range of 867–2536 nm, with their chemical compositions determined following the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) protocol. Advanced spectral pre-treatment and band selection techniques were utilized to develop calibration models using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The models’ effectiveness was assessed through cross-validation and independent data tests. The predictions for moisture, ash, extractives, glucan, xylan, acid-soluble lignin (ASL), acid-insoluble lignin (AIL), and total lignin were accurate and reliable, demonstrating the capability of NIR spectroscopy to provide rapid and precise characterization of sorghum biomass. The results demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy is an efficient tool for rapidly characterizing sorghum biomass, making it a sustainable option for screening desirable feedstock for biofuel or bioproduct production.

This study presents a cost-effective strategy for producing organic acids from glucose and xylose using the acid-tolerant yeast, Issatchenkia orientalis. I. orientalis was engineered to produce lactic acid from xylose, and the resulting strain, SD108XL, successfully converted sorghum hydrolysates into lactic acid. In order to enable low-pH fermentation, a self-buffering strategy, where the lactic acid generated by the SD108XL strain during fermentation served as a buffer, was developed. As a result, the SD108 strain produced 67 g/L of lactic acid from 73 g/L of glucose and 40 g/L of xylose, simulating a sugar composition of sorghum biomass hydrolysates. Moreover, techno-economic analysis underscored the efficiency of the self-buffering strategy in streamlining the downstream process, thereby reducing production costs. These results demonstrate the potential of I. orientalis as a platform strain for the cost-effective production of organic acids from cellulosic hydrolysates.

Chiral alkyl amines are common structural motifs in pharmaceuticals, natural products, synthetic intermediates, and bioactive molecules. An attractive method to prepare these molecules is the asymmetric radical hydroamination; however, this approach has not been explored with dialkyl amine-derived nitrogen-centered radicals since designing a catalytic system to generate the aminium radical cation, to suppress deleterious side reactions such as α-deprotonation and H atom abstraction, and to facilitate enantioselective hydrogen atom transfer is a formidable task. Herein, we describe the application of photoenzymatic catalysis to generate and harness the aminium radical cation for asymmetric intermolecular hydroamination. In this reaction, the flavin-dependent ene-reductase photocatalytically generates the aminium radical cation from the corresponding hydroxylamine and catalyzes the asymmetric intermolecular hydroamination to furnish the enantioenriched tertiary amine, whereby enantioinduction occurs through enzyme-mediated hydrogen atom transfer. This work highlights the use of photoenzymatic catalysis to generate and control highly reactive radical intermediates for asymmetric synthesis, addressing a long-standing challenge in chemical synthesis.

Salmonella HilD 3'UTR GRIL-seq sequencing data

SCiLS MSI data files, images used in the figures and table contents for the tables found in the manuscript. The figures are labeled by figure and by their title on each figure set, including those found in the Supplementary Information. The tables are in an MS Excel sheet with the corresponding contents. The tables list the metabolites found in the images. To reduce the number of images in the manuscript, the tables complete the metabolite information not observed in the images. The images can be found using the SCiLS data files. A software license is needed to open these files. The SCiLS data files contains the processed MSI data for all obtained images. All files in the corresponding SCiLS data file must be present to open the individual data file. The feature list used for MSI analysis should be saved on the attached bookmark inside the SCiLS file so it should be available once the file is opened. SCiLS files can only be opened with the Bruker SCiLS software. If using an outdated version (before Version 13.01.17218), the files may not open or show poor quality.

Microbial oils are a sustainable biomass-derived substitute for liquid fuels and vegetable oils. Oilcane, an engineered sugarcane with superior feedstock characteristics for biodiesel production, is a promising candidate for bioconversion. This study describes the processing of oilcane stems into juice and hydrothermally pretreated lignocellulosic hydrolysate and their valorization to ethanol and microbial oil using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and engineered Rhodosporidium toruloides strains, respectively. A bioethanol titer of 106 g/L was obtained from S. cerevisiae grown on oilcane juice in a 3 L fermenter, and a lipid titer of 8.8 g/L was obtained from R. toruloides grown on oilcane hydrolysate in a 75 L fermenter. Oil was extracted from the R. toruloides cells using supercritical CO2, and the observed fatty acid profile was consistent with previous studies on this strain. These results demonstrate the feasibility of pilot-scale lipid production from oilcane hydrolysate as part of an integrated bioconversion strategy.

Globally, soils hold approximately half of ecosystem carbon and can serve as a source or sink depending on climate, vegetation, management, and disturbance regimes. Understanding how soil carbon dynamics are influenced by these factors is essential to evaluate proposed natural climate solutions and policy regarding net ecosystem carbon balance. Soil microbes play a key role in both carbon fluxes and stabilization. However, biogeochemical models often do not specifically address microbial-explicit processes. Here, we incorporated microbial-explicit processes into the DayCent biogeochemical model to better represent large perennial grasses and mechanisms of soil carbon formation and stabilization. We also take advantage of recent model improvements to better represent perennial grass structural complexity and life-history traits. Specifically, this study focuses on: 1) a plant sub-model that represents perennial phenology and more refined plant chemistry with downstream implications for soil organic matter (SOM) cycling though litter inputs, 2) live and dead soil microbe pools that influence routing of carbon to physically protected and unprotected pools, 3) Michaelis-Menten kinetics rather than first-order kinetics in the soil decomposition calculations, and 4) feedbacks between decomposition and live microbial pools. We evaluated the performance of the plant sub-model and two SOM cycling sub-models, Michaelis-Menten (MM) and first-order (FO), using observations of net ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and soil carbon from long-term bioenergy research plots in the mid-western United States. The MM sub-model represented seasonal dynamics of soil carbon fluxes better than the FO sub-model which consistently overestimated winter soil respiration. While both SOM sub-models were similarly calibrated to total, physically protected, and physically unprotected soil carbon measurements, the models differed in future soil carbon response to disturbance and climate, most notably in the protected pools. Adding microbial-explicit mechanisms of soil processes to ecosystem models will improve model predictions of ecosystem carbon balances but more data and research are necessary to validate disturbance and climate change responses and soil pool allocation.

Chemical-free hydrothermal pretreatment of Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg) at the lab scale using high liquid-to-solid ratios resulted in the recovery of anthocyanins and enhanced enzymatic digestibility of residual biomass. In this study, the process is scaled up by using a continuous hydrothermal pretreatment reactor operated at a low liquid-to-solid ratio (50 % w/w solids) as an important step towards commercialization. Anthocyanin yield was 70 % w/w at the pilot scale (50 kg of Mxg), compared to the 94 % w/w yield achieved at the lab scale (0.5 g of Mxg). The pretreated biomass was subsequently refined mechanically using a disc mill to increase the accessibility of cellulose by cellulases. Enzymatic saccharification of the pretreated and disc-milled residue yielded 238 g/L sugar concentration by operating in fed-batch mode at 50 % w/v solids content. Two strains of Rhodosporidium toruloides were evaluated for converting the hydrolysate sugars into microbial lipids, and strain Y-6987 had the highest lipid titer (11.0 g/L). Further, the residue left after enzymatic saccharification was determined to be enriched 1.7-fold in the lignin content. This lignin-rich residue has value as a feedstock for the production of sustainable aviation fuel precursors and other high-value lignin-based chemicals. Hence the proposed biorefinery based on Mxg creates an opportunity for generating revenue from multiple high-value products. As the demand for biofuels and biobased products is rising, the biorefinery products from Mxg would create a niche in the industrial sector.

Triacylglycerols (TAG), accumulate within lipid droplets (LD), predominantly surrounded by OLEOSINs (OLE), that protect TAG from hydrolysis. We tested the hypothesis that identifying and removing degradation signals from OLE would promote its abundance, preventing TAG degradation and enhancing TAG accumulation. We tested whether mutating potential ubiquitin-conjugation sites in a previously reported improved Sesamum indicum OLE (SiO) variant, o3-3 Cys-OLE (SiCO herein), would stabilize it and increase its lipogenic potential. SiCOv1 was created by replacing all five lysines in SiCO with arginines. Separately, six cysteine residues within SiCO were deleted to create SiCOv2. SiCOv1 and SiCOv2 mutations were combined to create SiCOv3. Transient expression of SiCOv3 in Nicotiana benthamiana increased TAG by two-fold relative to SiCO. Constitutive expression of SiCOv3 or SiCOv5, containing the five predominant TAG-increasing mutations from SiCOv3, in Arabidopsis along with mouse DGAT2 (mD) increased TAG accumulation by 54% in leaves and 13% in seeds compared with control lines coexpressing SiCO and mD. Lipid synthesis rates increased, consistent with an increase in lipid sink strength that sequesters newly synthesized TAG, thereby relieving the constitutive BADC-dependent inhibition of ACCase reported for WT Arabidopsis. These OLE variants represent novel factors for potentially increasing TAG accumulation in a variety of oil crops.

This study shows a new route to produce potassium sorbate (KS) from triacetic acid lactone (TAL), which is a chemical platform that can be biologically synthesized from natural sources. Sorbic acid and its potassium salt (KS) are widely used as preservatives in foods and pharmaceuticals. Three steps are used to produce KS from TAL: 1) hydrogenation of TAL into 4-hydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2-pyrone (HMP), 2) dehydration of HMP to parasorbic acid (PSA), and 3) ring-opening and hydrolysis of PSA to KS. TAL can be fully hydrogenated over Ni/SiO2 to give near quantitative yields of HMP. A three-step reaction kinetics model was developed for dehydration of HMP into PSA. This model was used to show that the highest PSA yield occurs at low temperatures. An experimental PSA yield of 84.2% with respect to TAL was obtained which agreed with the prediction of the reaction kinetics model. KOH was used as a coreactant for the ring-opening hydrolysis of PSA to produce >99.9% yield of KS from PSA. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used to purify the TAL derived-KS (TAL-KS). The TAL-KS had a KS purity of 95.5%. The overall yield of TAL-KS with respect to TAL was calculated to be 77.3%. TAL-KS produced in this study had similar antimicrobial activities as commercial KS.